Can Warmwater Streams Be Rehabilitated Using Watershed-Scale Standard Erosion Control Measures Alone?

Degradation of warmwater streams in agricultural landscapes is a pervasive problem, and reports of restoration effectiveness based on monitoring data are rare. Described is the outcome of rehabilitation of two deeply incised, unstable sand-and-gravel-bed streams. Channel networks of both watersheds were treated using standard erosion control measures, and aquatic habitats within 1-km-long reaches of each stream were further treated by addition of instream structures and planting woody vegetation on banks (“habitat rehabilitation”). Fish and their habitats were sampled semiannually during 1–2 years before rehabilitation, 3–4 years after rehabilitation, and 10–11 years after rehabilitation. Reaches with only erosion control measures located upstream from the habitat measure reaches and in similar streams in adjacent watersheds were sampled concurrently. Sediment concentrations declined steeply throughout both watersheds, with means ≥40% lower during the post-rehabilitation period than before. Physical effects of habitat rehabilitation were persistent through time, with pool habitat availability much higher in rehabilitated reaches than elsewhere. Fish community structure responded with major shifts in relative species abundance: as pool habitats increased after rehabilitation, small-bodied generalists and opportunists declined as certain piscivores and larger-bodied species such as centrarchids and catostomids increased. Reaches without habitat rehabilitation were significantly shallower, and fish populations there were similar to the rehabilitated reaches prior to treatment. These findings are applicable to incised, warmwater streams draining agricultural watersheds similar to those we studied. Rehabilitation of warmwater stream ecosystems is possible with current knowledge, but a major shift in stream corridor management strategies will be needed to reverse ongoing degradation trends. Apparently, conventional channel erosion controls without instream habitat measures are ineffective tools for ecosystem restoration in incised, warmwater streams of the Southeastern U.S., even if applied at the watershed scale and accompanied by significant reductions in suspended sediment concentration.     

基于能值理论的工业生态系统分析——以龙盛科技工业园为例

基于能值理论．以龙盛科技工业园为例,对其能量流动和物质循环进行分析,通过能值分析的方法,将能量漉、物质流等转化为统一的能值单位,对工业生态系统的效率和稳定性进行了评价。结果表明,龙盛科技工业固由于注重物质循环利用和能量梯级利用,已经形成比较完善的产业链,生态效率和系统稳定性都相对较高。     

甾烷作为溢油指示物(或指标)的研究

为寻求重度风化溢油来源指标 ,依据有机地球化学相关研究成果 ,本文选定分子量大、水溶性小、抗风化的甾烷作为重度风化溢油的指示物 (或指标 )。将辽河原油等 15种原油作为研究对象 ,进行室内和室外模拟风化试验 ,用毛细管GC MS对不同环境 (海水、淡水、沙土等 )中风化 1a后的溢油进行检测。结果发现 ,油种间甾烷及其比值参数差异较大 ,在 1a的风化过程中受风化影响较小 ,可以作为重度风化溢油的指示物 (或指标 )。     

Risk and vulnerability indicators at different scales:: Applicability, usefulness and policy implications

This paper outlines selected approaches to measuring risk and vulnerability to hazards of natural origin using indicators and indices. It discusses their applicability, usefulness and policy implications. Indicators and indices have been developed on different scales and for different purposes. The paper will briefly introduce three global approaches to disaster-risk identification and will juxtapose them with one local approach in order to examine the differences concerning the functions and the purpose of the assessment as well as their impact for policy development. In contrast to an earlier comparative analysis of the three global disaster-risk indicator programmes by Mark Pelling in 2004, which focused primarily on the methodologies used, this paper places more emphasis on aspects of applicability and policy implications and outlines challenges and limitations of the different approaches. Since the assessment and mapping of human vulnerability is less developed than hazard assessment work [Pelling M., 2004. Visions of Risk: A Review of International Indicators of Disaster Risk and its Management. UNDP—Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BRCP), Geneva], this paper focuses in greater depth on how the approaches capture vulnerability. Conclusions will be formulated on how to further enhance vulnerability identification, particularly at the sub-national level.     

土壤酶活性及其对土壤质量的指示研究进展

土壤中所进行的生物和生物化学过程是陆地生态系统功能的基础 ,这些过程之所以能够持续进行 ,得益于土壤中酶的作用 .酶是土壤生态系统代谢的一类重要动力 ,土壤中所进行的一切生物学和化学过程都要由酶的催化作用才能完成 .虽然单一种类的土壤酶的催化作用可能是专性的 ,但土壤中酶的来源不同 ,酶的种类繁多 .土壤中已经被鉴定出的约 6 0种酶活性表明 ,土壤酶活性是与土壤质量的很多理化指标相联系的 ,酶的催化作用对土壤中元素 (包括Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｓ)循环与迁移有着重要作用 .历史上 ,土壤化学和物理学属性一直被用来作为表征土壤生产力和…     

Nitrate in shallow groundwater in typical agricultural and forest ecosystems in China, 2004-2010

The nitrate-nitrogen(NO 3-N) concentrations from shallow groundwater wells situated in 29 of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network field stations,representing typical agroand forest ecosystems,were assessed using monitoring data collected between 2004 and 2010.Results from this assessment permit a national scale assessment of nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater,and allow linkages between nitrate concentrations in groundwater and broad land use categories to be made.Results indicated that most of the NO 3--N concentrations in groundwater from the agroand forest ecosystems were below the Class 3 drinking water standard stated in the Chinese National Standard:Quality Standard for Ground Water(≤ 20 mg/L).Over the study period,the average NO 3--N concentrations were significantly higher in agro-ecosystems(4.1 ± 0.33 mg/L) than in forest ecosystems(0.5 ± 0.04 mg/L).NO 3-N concentrations were relatively higher(> 10 mg N /L) in 10 of the 43 wells sampled in the agricultural ecosystems.These elevated concentrations occurred mainly in the Ansai,Yucheng,Linze,Fukang,Akesu,and Cele field sites,which were located in arid and semiarid areas where irrigation rates are high.We suggest that improvements in N fertilizer application and irrigation management practices in the arid and semi-arid agricultural ecosystems of China are the key to managing groundwater nitrate concentrations.     

Ecosystem health: I. Measuring ecosystem health

Ecosystem analysis has been advanced by an improved understanding of how ecosystems are structured and how they function. Ecology has advanced from an emphasis on natural history to consideration of energetics, the relationships and connections between species, hierarchies, and systems theory. Still, we consider ecosystems as entities with a distinctive character and individual characteristics. Ecosystem maintenance and preservation form the objective of impact analysis, hazard evaluation, and other management or regulation activities. In this article we explore an approach to ecosystem analysis which identifies and quantifies factors which define the condition or state of an ecosystem in terms of health criteria. We relate ecosystem health to human/nonhuman animal health and explore the difficulties of defining ecosystem health and suggest criteria which provide a functional definition of state and condition. We suggest that, as has been found in human/nonhuman animal health studies, disease states can be recognized before disease is of clinical magnitude. Example disease states for ecosystems are functionally defined and discussed, together with test systems for their early detection.This article is contribution VI in D.J. Schaeffer's Environmental Audit series.     

Exploring the effects of multiple management objectives and exotic species on great lakes food webs and contaminant dynamics

A simulation model was developed to describe linkages among fish food web, nutrient cycling, and contaminant processes in the southern basin of Lake Michigan. The model was used to examine possible effects of management actions and an exotic zooplankter (Bythotrephes) on Lake Michigan food web and contaminant dynamics. The model predicts that contaminant concentrations in salmonines will decrease by nearly 20% ifBythotrephes successfully establishes itself in the lake. The model suggests that this decrease will result from lowered transfer efficiencies within the food web and increased flux of contaminants to the hypolimnion. The model also indicates that phosphorus management will have little effect on contaminant concentrations in salmonines. The modeling exercise helped identify weaknesses in the data base (e.g., incomplete information on contaminant loadings and on the biomass, production, and ecological efficiencies of dominant organisms) that should be corrected in order to make reliable management decisions.     

溢油指示物（或指标）的GC—FID研究

应用气相色谱氢焰离子化检测器（GC－FID）分析环境溢油，给出了GC－FID鉴别溢油的指示物（或指标）。结果表明，在溢油指示物（或指标）的研究中，气相色谱法（GC－FID）是一种快速有效的方法。     

基于GIS的西辽河流域生态安全空间分异特征

生态安全评价与预警研究具有空间特性、非线性和随机性,研究过程中必须处理大量的空间信息,而空间分析和空间数据管理正是GIS的优势,它使各环境要素的分布态势及彼此之间的拓扑关系一目了然,并且图文并茂地展示全流域的生态安全格局.在充分研究西辽河流域生态环境的基础上,讨论了基于GIS的西辽河生态安全空间差异的评价方法.①拟定“压力-状态-响应”(P-S-R)指标体系,实地调查并收集资料;②数字化流域,运用模糊AHP和综合比较法赋权并量化计算;③建立西辽河流域生态安全指数GRID数据库,通过GIS的空间Interpolate运算和Assembly分析,阐述生态安全的空间分异特征.