Naproxen,ibuprofen, and diclofenac residues in river water,sediments and Eichhornia crassipes of Mbokodweni river in South Africa: An initial screening

In the last 5 years, naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac have been the subject of investigation in the South African water resources. In this study, their occurrence in river water, sediments and aquatic plants was investigated. The concentrations of compounds detected in river water and sediments varied from 0.59 to 2.3 µg L^?1 and 0.2 to 9.2?ng g^?1, respectively. The partitioning coefficients (L kg^?1) for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac varied from one sampling location to the other in ranges of 3.36–4, 1.3–1.9 and 0.13–0.91, respectively. This indicates that the fate of these pharmaceuticals can be influenced by the surrounding conditions such as climate and presence of other water pollutants as well as differences in physicochemical parameters. In the aquatic plant species (Eichhornia crassipes), the concentrations of target compounds varied in different parts of the plant material (roots, stems and leaves). Naproxen was the most abundant in Eichhornia crassipes, with the maximum concentration of 12.0?ng g^?1 found in leaves. In this initial assessment, we found no rational trend for the concentrations detected in various parts of Eichhornia crassipes, however, it is speculated that these pharmaceuticals diffuse from water into the roots of the aquatic plants and get translocated into the stem and leaves. Overall, the occurrence of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in river water, sediments and Eichhornia crassipes was observed, which is an indication that Eichhornia crassipes has the ability to reduce water pollution through the uptake of pharmaceuticals through plant roots.     

凤眼莲去除垃圾渗滤液中的COD、NH3-N和TP

在静态水培实验条件下,对不同浓度垃圾渗滤液条件下凤眼莲的生长状况及其净化效果进行了研究。结果表明,在高浓度(COD 3 546.7 mg/L、NH3-N 527.5 mg/L、TP 8.02 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(HCL)凤眼莲全部被毒害致死,在中浓度(COD 1 233.3 mg/L、NH3-N 182.9 mg/L、TP 2.83 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(MCL)生长状况差,生物量减少为实验前的32.6%。在低浓度(COD 660.0 mg/L、NH3-N 99.7 mg/L、TP 1.59 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(LCL)能够正常生长,且对低浓度垃圾渗滤液有较好的净化效果。24 d后COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率分别为85.9%,99.8%和84.8%。COD与NH3-N均达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》排放标准,TP达到《地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)》Ⅳ类排放标准。     

Bioconcentration and Phytotoxicity of Cd in Eichhornia crassipes

Plants of Eichhornia crassipes grown at various levels of cadmium ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg ml⁻¹ accumulated Cd in a concentration and duration dependent manner. At all levels, Cd accumulation by various plant tissues followed the order roots shoot leaves. Approximately 80% of total Cd was accumulated by plant at highest concentration (100 μg ml⁻¹) used in the experiment. Cadmium induced phytotoxicity appears at 25.0 μg ml⁻¹ resulting into reduced levels of chlorophyll, protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity of the plant. However, a slight induction of these physiological variables was obtained at lowest Cd (0.1 μg ml⁻¹) concentration. In contrast, carotenoid content increased at highest Cd concentration i.e., 100 μg ml⁻¹. Similar effects at low and high levels of Cd was obtained with respect to mitotic index and micronuclei in root meristem of the plant. It could be inferred that Cd toxicity in plant is differential depending upon the low and high concentration of Cd in the medium.     

茭草、芦苇与水葫芦的污染物释放规律

选取昆明某人工湿地中的茭草、芦苇和水葫芦进行浸泡试验,考察因植物组织的溶解而导致的污染物释放规律.最快的释放发生在最初的24h内.COD的释放率小于TN和TP的释放率.芦苇的COD和TN释放速率最小,茭草的TP释放速率最小,茭草的COD释放速率最大,水葫芦的TN和TP释放速率最大.在停留时间为5d,水力负荷为8.7cm/d,TN、TP和COD负荷为1.52,0.11,13.7g/(m²d)条件下,植物组织释放N、P、COD的量分别占去除负荷的29%,20%和38%.这表明对于进水负荷较低的人工湿地,收割植物可以改善湿地低效率时期的处理效率.     

凤眼莲入侵强度和水深对沉水植物生长及种间关系的影响

凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)是世界百大入侵植物之一,因其入侵扩展蔓延速度快,从而对原生湿地生态系统造成巨大破坏.目前关于凤眼莲入侵扩散机制已有一定研究,但关于在不同水深梯度下风眼莲入侵强度对沉水植物生长及种间关系影响的研究相对空白.因此,本研究以入侵植物凤眼莲和两种常见的沉水植物黑藻(Hydril...     

鄱阳湖流域水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)对水体微塑料的吸附截留效应

微塑料是环境中的新型污染物,随着人们对微塑料污染的认识,微塑料在河流和湖泊等淡水湿地环境中的迁移问题受到普遍关注.中国内陆最大淡水湖鄱阳湖湿地受五河流域及其地表径流的影响,湿地水环境中的微塑料污染问题也不容忽视.为了解鄱阳湖各流域水体中微塑料的分布现状及水生植物对微塑料的吸附截留效应,选择鄱阳湖流域的赣江、信江、抚河、修水和饶河这五河水系入湖段为研究区,以各流域水体及其普遍存在的漂浮植物水葫芦（Eichhornia crassipes）为研究对象,分析鄱阳湖五河流域水葫芦对水体微塑料的吸附截留特征,探讨水生植物对水体环境中的微塑料是否具有吸附或截留效应,阐明水葫芦对微塑料的吸附与水体赋存微塑料的相关性,解析微塑料在湿地环境中的迁移特性,为鄱阳湖湿地环境中微塑料的管控及污染治理提供一定的理论基础与依据.在鄱阳湖流域赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修水的五河水系入湖区和湖口出湖区共设置18个采样点,分别采集水表漂浮的水葫芦整株样品和水深约1 m处的水样,采用HNO₃（65%）-H₂ O₂（30%）混合试剂消解水样后抽滤分离水体及水葫芦体表微塑料;采用显微鉴定方法观察微塑料的颜色、粒径和形态等特征,采用Nano Measurer 1.2软件统计各流域水体和水葫芦体表中分离出的微塑料丰度;采用傅立叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱仪鉴定不同形态微塑料的聚合物成分.鄱阳湖流域各水体微塑料丰度处于中度偏高水平,丰度范围为65.5~353 n ·L^-1,且以0~0.5 mm范围内的小粒径微塑料为主,占各流域水体中微塑料的80%以上;各流域水葫芦截留或吸附的微塑料丰度范围为36~204 n ·kg^-1,且以0~1.5 mm范围内的小粒径微塑料为主,所占比例达80%以上;水葫芦吸附0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度含量与水体中0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度间呈显著相关,水葫芦对水体中占比较高的小粒径微塑料具有明显的吸附效应.鄱阳湖五河流域水体微塑料的聚合物成分以聚乙烯和聚苯乙烯为主体;各流域水体微塑料的丰度处于较高水平,以0~0.5 mm的小粒径微塑料为主,对水体生物及水环境易构成生态风险.各流域水葫芦对水体微塑料具有显著的吸附效应,且以吸附0~1.5 mm的小粒径微塑料为主;水葫芦吸附0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度值与水体中0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度间存在显著相关性;水葫芦对水体中的小粒径微塑料具有较强的吸附效应,可为水生植物吸附或截留水体环境中的微塑料提供一定的参考依据.     

从上海市凤眼莲的生活史特征与繁殖策略探讨其控制对策

凤眼莲是上海地区水体中危害最严重的外来人侵种之一。通过对上海地区凤眼莲种群的连续监测，探究其生活史特征及其繁殖策略，结果表明，1）每年3～5月为凤眼莲的萌芽阶段，7月下旬为凤眼莲爆发起始时期，8～12月为凤眼莲爆发的高峰期，12月下旬凤眼莲开始枯萎死亡。但其腋芽能够存活越冬，是来年凤眼莲爆发的种源。2）上海地区凤眼莲主要以无性繁殖为主。导致该结果的内因是凤眼莲具有高的克隆生长潜力，外因是上海市水体富营养化严重。3）河道内其它水生植物的广泛分布是凤眼莲固着生长的主要机制，这些植物主要为：喜旱莲子草、菰、芦苇、牛筋草和千金子等。有鉴于此，根据上海市凤眼莲的生活史特征和繁殖策略，提出其综合防治对策为：1）最佳的打捞时期为12月至翌年6月，以去处种源为目标；2）清理河道内及堤岸上的水生杂草；3）开展生物防治的研究；4）加强与周边省份的协调合作。     

温度对凤眼莲浮岛净化效果影响的研究

以凤眼莲浮床为研究对象,研究不同温度下浮床的净化效率、水生植物生长情况和植物体中氮磷的累积量。研究结果表明,凤眼莲浮岛对TN、TP的去除率与温度并不成正相关。浮岛的处理效果主要与浮岛植物的生物量有关,其处理效率随着生物量的增加而增加。凤眼莲浮岛25℃时处理效率明显高于35℃和15℃。在北方地区浮岛技术的生态学价值要显著于环境工程价值。     

凤眼莲在炼油废水中的生长及其净化作用

报道凤眼莲（Ｅｉｃｈｈｏｒｍｉａ ｃｒａｓｓｉｐｅｄｓ Ｓｌｏｍｓ）在炼油废水中的生长状况。并对以ＣＯＤ为综合指标的污染物浓度之间的关系作了定量研究。结果表明：用凤眼莲生态工程炼油废水实施运行最佳控制条件为６３ｍｇ（Ｌ〈「ＣＯＤ」〈１３１ｍｇ／Ｌ,临界有效点为「ＣＯＤ」＝２６２．６ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

外源稀土Ce3+对凤眼莲钙相关光合作用的影响

以造成水体污染的主要水生生物之一的凤眼莲为研究对象,探究外源稀土Ce3+对凤眼莲钙相关光合作用的影响.相比于对照组,营养液中缺钙但添加外源稀土Ce3+的条件下,凤眼莲叶绿素含量减少8.31%、叶绿体荧光产额分别减少6.14%(440nm)和3.82%(480nm)、类囊体膜上Mg2+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶分别减少1.93%和5.05%,蛋白质含量减少3.94%;但较缺钙的营养液处理组相应指标分别增加了9.89%、15.21%和3.05%、8.08%和10.26%、10.16%.添加Ce3+的营养液处理组的凤眼莲钙相关光合作用指标同样显著提高.结果表明,Ce3+有类似于Ca2+的特性,适量的Ce3+可以补偿替代钙,对植物光合作用有促进效果,增加植物生物量,促进凤眼莲型水生植物的生长,对水体富营养化进程的发展起正催化作用.