原子力显微观测新生态水合二氧化锰与天然有机物的微观吸附形貌

采用云母片吸附的方式,较好地捕捉到了新生态水合二氧化锰的微观结构,并采用轻敲模式下的原子力显微成像技术,对其吸附天然有机物(NOM)前后的微观形貌进行了观测.与陈化2 h后的水合二氧化锰相比,新生态水合二氧化锰呈现出不定形的穿孔层状结构(厚度仅为0～1.75 nm)和球形颗粒结构,具有大的比表面积和附着能力.当向NOM中加入1 mmol/L新生态水合二氧化锰后,NOM分子的吸附形貌由松散分布的扁平粒状结构(吸附高度为5～8.5 nm)转变为密集分布、水平尺寸均匀的球形结构,表明了NOM分子容易以水合二氧化锰为吸附中心包裹在其表面.从直观上进一步证实了新生态水合二氧化锰的除污染效能,为高锰酸盐的预氧化助凝机理提供了有力的依据.     

辽宁省地质灾害遥感调查电子地图的制作

通过辽宁省地质构造解译图和辽宁省地质灾害遥感解译图这两个电子地图的制作，说明了电子地图制作的工具选择、制作方法、关键技术以及地图应用等。体现了地理信息系统这一现代化科技手段在防灾、减灾和地质环境的整治与保护方面的价值。     

青岛大气颗粒物的扫描电镜研究和污染源识别

应用扫描电镜－X射线能谱对青岛市大气颗粒物定性分析。单个颗粒物分析和多个颗粒物复合分析的结果,为污染源识别和相对重要性的估计提供了重要信息:青岛市大气颗粒物的来源,主要有土壤扬尘和燃煤飞灰、硫酸钙和其他硫酸盐类的二次颗粒物、有机物质颗粒物、天然海盐、工业钡盐与其他类型的工业排放。      

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.     

Characterization of metal doped-titanium dioxide and behaviors on photocatalytic oxidation of nitrogen oxides

A series of nanosized ion-doped TiO_2 catalysts with different ion content(between 0.1 at.% and 1.0 at.%) have been prepared by wet impregnation method and investigated with respect to their behavior for UV photocatalytic oxidation of nitric oxide.The catalytic activity was correlated with structural,electronic and surface examinations of the catalysts using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD),ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)absorption spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),energy disperse spectrometer (EDS)and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques.An enhancement of the photocatalytic activity was observed for Zn~(2 ) doping catalyst ranged from 0.1 at.% to 1.0 at.% which was attributed to the lengthened lifetime of electrons and holes.The improvement in photocatalytic activity could be also observed with the low doping concentration of Cr~(3 )(0.1 at.%). However,the doping of Fe~(3 ),Mo~(6 ),Mn~(2 ) and the high doping concentration of Cr~(3 ) had no contribution to photocatalytic activity of nitric oxide.     

Degradation of a Terephthalate-containing Polyester by Thermophilic Actinomycetes and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> Species Derived from Composts

We intended to find thermophilic degraders of terephthalate-containing Biomax^® films. Films in mesh bags were buried in composts (inside temperature: approximately 55–60 °C), resulting in the degradation of them in 2 weeks. Fluorescent microscopy of films recovered from composts showed that microorganisms gradually covered the surface of a film during composting. DGGE analysis of microorganisms on the composted film indicated the presence of Bacillus species as main species (approximately 80% of microbial flora) and actinomycetes (approximately 10–20%) as the second major flora. Isolation of Biomax^®-utilizing bacteria was focused on these two genera: two actinomycetes and one Bacillus species were isolated as pure best degraders from the composted polymer films, which were fragmented into small pieces. All the strains were thermophilic and identified, based on their 16S rDNA analyses. Degradation of polymer films was confirmed by (1) accelerated fragmentation of films in composts, compared with a control (no inoculum) and resultant decrease in molecular weights, (2) growth in a powdered Biomax^® medium, compared with a control without powdered Biomax^®, and (3) production of terephthalate in a powdered Biomax^® medium. In this way, we concluded that these bacteria were useful for degradation of thermostable Biomax^® products.     

Preparation of Alginic Acid and Metal Alginate from Algae and their Comparative Study

Alginic acid and metal alginates are prepared from fresh algae using extraction method. A FTIR spectrum indicates that alginic acid is converted into the metal alginate. Comparing calcium and cobalt alginates, asymmetric stretching of free carboxyl group of calcium alginate at 1630 cm⁻¹ is shifted to 1585 cm⁻¹ in cobalt alginate, due to the change of charge density, radius and atomic weight of the cation, creating a new environment around the carbonyl group. The strong exothermic peak of alginic acid in DSC thermogram indicates the decomposition of biopolymer, whereas strong exothermic peak of metal alginate in DSC thermogram attributed to the decomposition of biopolymer and formation of respective carbonate. Based on DSC study, the decomposition of cobalt alginate occurs at higher temperature comparing to those of sodium and calcium alginate, which may conclude into the higher stability of cobalt alginate. TGA results reveal that, cobalt alginate is more stable than calcium and sodium alginate at 300 °C temperature. Surface morphology (at same magnification), as well as porosity (%) and pore size distribution results change with metals present in different metal alginates.     

Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Endometrial Tissue Using Electron Microscope

Objective This study was done to estimate whether heavy metals in the air may affect endometrial chemical composition. Materials and Methods A total of 30 albino Wistar rats were employed and randomly divided into three groups. The rats of Group 1 and 2 were acutely and sub-chronically exposed to the gas form of heavy metals, respectively. Group 3 was used as a control group. Endometrial tissue worth of heavy metals of the groups was measured in through using scanning electron microscope. Results A statistically no significant difference was found for endometrial chemical composition of all of the heavy metals (chrome, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc and lead) between group 1 and 2 (p > 0.05). On the other hand, there was statistically significant difference for all of the heavy metals between group 1 and group 3 (p < 0.05), while there was statistically significant difference for chrome, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel (p < 0.05), but zinc and lead (p > 0.05) between group 2 and 3. Conclusion Air pollutants of Pb and Zn resulting mostly from combustion of fossil fuels and certain special industrial process in Kirikkale may be a risk factor for the high pregnancy loses by changing endometrial homeostasis.     

Accumulation, speciation and cellular localization of copper in Sesbania drummondii

Growth, accumulation and intracellular speciation and distribution of copper (Cu) in Sesbania drummondii was studied using scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The growth of seedlings was assessed in terms of biomass accumulation. The growth of the seedling was enhanced by 73.5% at a low Cu concentration (50 mg l⁻¹) compared to the control treatment. Additionally, seedling growth was inhibited by 18% at 300 mg l⁻¹ Cu with respect to the control. Copper concentration in roots and shoots was increased with increasing Cu concentration in the growth solution. The accumulation of Cu was found to be higher in roots than in the shoots. At a concentration of 300 mg l⁻¹ Cu, the roots accumulated 27,440 mg Cu kg⁻¹ dry weight (dw) while shoots accumulated 1282 mg Cu kg⁻¹ dw. Seedlings were assessed for photosynthetic activity by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters: F_v/F_m and F_v/F₀ values. Photosynthetic integrity was not affected by any of the Cu treatments. The X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies showed that Cu was predominantly present as Cu(II) in Sesbania tissue. In addition, from the XAS studies it was shown that the Cu exists in a mixture of different coordination states consisting of Cu bound to sugars and small organic acids with some possible precipitated copper oxide. From the EXAFS studies, the coordination of Cu was determined to have four equatorial oxygen(nitrogen) ligands at 1.96 Å and two axial oxygen ligands at 2.31 Å. Scanning-electron microscopy studies revealed the distribution of Cu within the seedlings tissues, predominantly accumulated in the cortical and vascular (xylem) regions of root tissues. In the stem, most of the Cu was found within the xylem tissue. However, the deposition of Cu within the leaf tissues was in the parenchyma. The present study demonstrates the mechanisms employed by S. drummondii for Cu uptake and its biotransformation.