NHDPlusHR: A National Geospatial Framework for Surface‐Water Information

The U.S. Geological Survey is developing a new geospatial hydrographic framework for the United States, called the National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlusHR), that integrates a diversity of the best‐available information, robustly supports ongoing dataset improvements, enables hydrographic generalization to derive alternate representations of the network while maintaining feature identity, and supports modern scientific computing and Internet accessibility needs. This framework is based on the High Resolution National Hydrography Dataset, the Watershed Boundaries Dataset, and elevation from the 3‐D Elevation Program, and will provide an authoritative, high precision, and attribute‐rich geospatial framework for surface‐water information for the United States. Using this common geospatial framework will provide a consistent basis for indexing water information in the United States, eliminate redundancy, and harmonize access to, and exchange of water information.     

基于DEM的山地丘陵区土地利用/覆被研究——以青海湖流域为例

研究地形对土地利用空间分布格局的影响,对探讨不同地貌部位自然因素和人文因素在土地利用变化过程中的作用具有重要意义。论文以青海湖流域为例,对比各土地利用类型的投影面积与地表真实面积的差异,并从地形(高程、坡度、坡向)角度分析了流域内土地利用的空间分布格局。结果表明:流域投影面积与地表真实面积相差754.79 km²。耕地、居民地、水域、沙地主要分布在3 500 m以下,且坡度小于2°的平地上,耕地和居民地多分布在南坡和西南坡上;林地主要分布在3 500~4 000 m且坡度多在6~25°的缓地和斜坡上,各坡向分布较均匀;草地主要分布在4 500 m以下且坡度小于25°的坡地上;沼泽多分布在3 500~4 500 m且坡度小于25°的河源地区,多分布在北坡和东北坡上;其它用地主要分布在4 000~4 500 m的坡度较大的斜坡或陡坡上。随高度、坡度增加,土地利用程度综合指数呈下降趋势;土地利用综合指数在坡向上呈现:平地＞阳坡＞阴坡。说明地形在很大程度上影响着青海湖流域的土地利用分布,且这种影响比较符合当地的自然规律和社会经济规律。