锌锰电池正极材料净化模拟废水中磷的研究

研究利用废旧锌锰电池的阳极材料净化模拟废水中的磷,探讨了净化过程中pH、吸附剂用量、反应时间和磷初始浓度等操作条件对磷净化效果的影响,找出了适宜的操作条件并对净化过程的机理进行了分析。通过试验发现pH对磷净化过程有显著影响,含磷废水净化过程中适宜的pH为8.0;随着吸附剂加入量的增加和初始溶液的降低,磷的净化率逐渐增加。锌锰电池正极材料对水中磷的净化过程速度较快,5 min即可使磷的吸附率达到93.41%。对平衡吸附容量数据进行回归分析发现磷净化过程的吸附等温线可以用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程表示,Langmuir方程参数Q0为12.41 mg/g,Freundlich方程参数n为2.927,用不同的动力学模型对试验数据进行回归分析发现吸附剂对水中磷的吸附过程符合假二级模型。锌锰电池正极材料可以有效净化废水中的磷。     

退役三元锂电池循环利用系统减碳效率评估及优化分析

随着我国新能源汽车产业的快速发展,大批动力电池进入退役期.针对退役动力电池循环利用现状,识别降本减碳协同效应并开展系统优化分析,成为重要研究课题.本文综合采用生命周期评价和生命周期成本方法,分析了当前我国退役三元锂电池循环利用系统的碳足迹和经济成本.结果表明,1GWh容量的退役三元锂电池循环利用系统碳足迹和生命周期成本分别为-2.33×10⁷kgCO₂eq和-33613.15万元.结合碳足迹和生命周期成本二维指标开展减碳效率评估和情景分析发现,相对于现实系统,汽车生产商主导的优化情景减碳效率较低,提高梯次利用比例的优化情景具有最优减碳效率.通过提高梯次利用比例和采用先进资源化技术均能够显著提升退役三元锂电池循环利用系统的减碳效率.     

A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries

Primary lithium batteries contain hazardous materials such as lithium metal and flammable solvents, which can lead to exothermic activity and runaway reactions above a defined temperature. Lithium-ion batteries operating outside the safe envelope can also lead to formation of lithium metal and thermal runaway. Despite protection by battery safety mechanisms, fires originating from primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries are a relatively frequent occurrence.This paper reviews the hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion cells, with an emphasis on the role played by chemistry at individual cell level. Safety mechanisms to prevent the occurrence and limit the consequences of incidents are reviewed, together with safety tests to monitor compliance with battery safety regulations and standards. Incident information from news accounts and open literature sources are reviewed to extract causal information.It is concluded that the potential severity of incidents during storage, transport and recycling of waste batteries can be significantly higher than in end-use applications. Safe storage, packaging and labelling practices, as well as communication among the parties involved, are essential to ensure safety across the battery lifecycle. It is recommended that a database of lithium battery incidents would be valuable to improve the evidence base for informing accident prevention measures.     

Incorporation of neural network analysis into a technique for automatically sorting lightweight metal scrap generated by ELV shredder facilities

In an attempt to improve the technique of automatic sorting of lightweight metal scrap by sensing apparent density and three-dimensional shape, realized by the combination of a three-dimensional (3D) imaging camera and a meter to weigh a moving object on a conveyor belt, neural network analysis was integrated into the scrap identification algorithm, and its effect on the sorting accuracy of this technique was examined using approximately 1750 pieces of scrap sampled at three different end-of-life vehicle (ELV) shredder facilities. As a result, the newly developed algorithm, in which an unknown fragment is identified by passing through two discriminant analyses and one neural network analysis, was demonstrated to greatly decrease the time required for data analysis to prepare the identification algorithm without reducing the sorting accuracy. The average sorting accuracy for a mixture of three types of lightweight metal fragments was found to be 85%, based on the fact that the fist-sized fragments of cast aluminum, wrought aluminum, and magnesium sampled at the three ELV shredder facilities had similar apparent densities and 3D shapes. It was also suggested that still higher sorting performance is possible by repeating the procedure of modifying the database and re-learning of the neural network in the identification algorithm.     

Li-ion battery recycling and cobalt flow analysis in Japan

Batteries sometimes contain precious or toxic substances (e.g. nickel, cobalt, lead, mercury, cadmium). However, the collection and recycling rate of small batteries were low in Japan.We focus on cobalt in lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries and conduct chemical analysis, questioner survey and flow analysis in Japan.Results of chemical analysis showed that the concentration of cobalt in Li-ion batteries was around 20% regardless of the year manufactured or the manufacturer. As a result of the consumer questionnaire survey, it became clear that 70% or more of the small batteries are not being removed when small electronic products are finally disposed. The survey also revealed that recognition of the law and system for collection and recycling of small rechargeable batteries is approximately 30–40%. Substance flow analysis showed that both production and demand for Li-ion batteries (cobalt) have increased during 2002–2010. The collection rate for used Li-ion batteries was about 10% during this period; uncollected batteries were either stored or disposed through incineration and landfill as municipal solid waste.     

电动自行车用铅酸电池污染问题及对策的思考

叙述了目前我国城市电动自行车迅猛发展所带来的铅酸电池污染问题,分析了在城市大量使用铅酸电池所造成污染的危害性,并在此基础上提出了解决该污染问题的一些对策。     

废旧锂离子电池回收处理技术研究进展

通过介绍废旧锂离子电池的构成及近年来废旧锂离子电池回收处理技术的研究进展,综述了目前主要回收方法有溶解分离法和直接回收正极材料的新型方法等,并对现有研究中存在的二次污染、安全性问题进行了初步探讨。     

基于生产者责任延伸制的废旧电池回收模式研究

为了保护环境和循环利用资源,废旧电池回收问题已经引起社会各方面的广泛关注。文章分析了我国废旧电池的回收现状,借鉴国外的经验,提出了我国废旧电池的回收模式——即生产者责任延伸制下的回收模式,运用数学模型进行比较分析,得出生产者负责回收的模式具有明显优势。     

校园一次性废电池回收关键环节的问卷调研

如何从分散的大量用户手中回收一次性废电池是目前一次性废电池回收体系构建中的关键环节。文章采用问卷调查方法,以华东师范大学中山北路校区在校本科生为对象,研究了针对校园大学生用户回收一次性废电池环节中的存在问题和解决。提出了"以旧换新"的回收方式,初步确定了该方式运行所需的几个关键参数:回收的"旧新电池回收比例"为5:1,回收地点在各宿舍管理员处,回收时间为每月定期进行一次。文章结果对于构建废电池回收体系具有一定的参考意义。     

蓄电池生产废水处理技术研究

针对蓄电池生产废水的特点,主要是含有浓度较高的氟化物和重金属铅类,同时含有一定量的有机物质和悬浮物,主要处理方法为物理化学方法。粉煤灰处理含氟水、石灰-硫酸-铁盐法、聚合硫酸铁和氢氧化钙以及聚丙烯酰胺联合处理含氟废水等处理方法都具有较高的除氟率。处理废水中重金属铅离子,目前工业中一般采用化学沉淀法和离子交换法。采用pH调节-石灰-铝盐反应沉淀工艺去除废水中的氟、铅及部分磷酸盐,采用生化处理去除有机物。