Slipping on pedestrian surfaces: methods for measuring and evaluating the slip resistance

Tripping, slipping and falling accidents are among the types of accident with a high incidence. This article describes the requirements concerning slip resistance, as well as the state of the art of slip resistance measurement standards in the European Community and the USA. The article also describes how risk assessment can be performed in the field.     

基于改进粒子滤波算法的水下地形辅助导航方法

目的 解决当前的粒子滤波算法用于水下航行器(AUV)基于极地区域的低分辨率海图时导航精度较低的问题。方法 提出了一种带有自抖动及修正的粒子滤波方法(SJCPF),在状态转移过程中引入粒子抖动,每次粒子位置更新时,引入额外的过程噪声,使得传统算法中过度集中的粒子适当向周围发散,改善算法本身及海图分辨率低带来的粒子多样性匮乏。在重采样步骤中,引入相关系数用于修正权值,进一步增加粒子多样性及算法的鲁棒性。结果 对传统PF及SJCPF进行仿真,相较于传统PF算法,SJCPF的导航均方根误差降低了27.7%,导航精度及鲁棒性都有显著的提升。结论 SJCPF的导航性能优于传统PF,选用皮尔逊相关系数,并在适当范围内选择较大的粒子数量和较高的测量频率,可以兼顾AUV的续航与导航精度。     

The Empirical Analysis of the Impacts of Income Distribution Gap on Consumption Demand： Based on the Statistic Data of Chinese Urban Residents in 2000-2010

This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view, and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap a...     

Numerical study of choked two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through orifices

Valves and orifices are the most widely devices of flow control used in oil and gas industry. In particular, they are installed in relief piping system in order to control the discharge flow during potential plant overpressuring scenarios, thus ensuring plant safety. It is a common practice to flow liquid and gas mixtures through such restriction devices.Rigorous models are available to precisely size pressure relief devices operating in single phase flow; however for two-phase flow, no models are considered sufficiently reliable for predicting the relevant flow conditions.In the present paper, two-phase flow of hydrocarbons fluids through an orifice under critical conditions has been numerically investigated.The existing literature has been analyzed and data on two-phase flow of highly volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons through openings have been collected. A comparison has been carried out with numerical simulations carried out by the multiphase flow simulation tool OLGA by SPT.The Henry–Fauske model has been used as orifice choke model and the orifice discharge flow coefficient, required as input by OLGA, has been calculated by Chisholm's model.Comparison between OLGA's results and experimental data shows that Henry–Fauske model markedly underestimates the mass flow rate through the orifice, if Chisholm's model is used to calculate discharge coefficient. It was found that the error of the model could be minimized using different values of orifice discharge coefficient (C_d).A new discharge flow coefficient model, suitable for choked two-phase flow across orifices, is proposed in this study and it has been determined to match the above mentioned experimental measurements.     

天津市春季道路降尘PM2.5和PM10中的元素特征

为探究天津市春季道路降尘中元素污染特征及来源,于2015年春季采集了天津市道路降尘样品,通过再悬浮得到PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)滤膜样品,继而测定了滤膜样品中16种元素的含量,通过非参数检验、分歧系数法、富集因子法等研究了道路降尘中元素的污染特征、来源和成分谱的相似性.结果表明,天津市春季道路降尘PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量分数平均值在1%~20%之间的元素从大到小依次为:SiAlCaFeMgKNa;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中元素成分谱分歧系数为0.06,表明两者元素成分谱很相似;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中,元素Cd和Cr强烈富集,Zn、Cu、Pb和As显著富集;道路降尘PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中元素主要来源于土壤风沙尘、建筑尘、交通尘(汽车尾气的排放、轮胎磨损和刹车片磨损)和煤烟尘.     

“沙埋型”夹具在振动试验中的运用分析

为了减少振动试验中的误差传递,介绍了振动夹具的设计,探讨“沙埋型”夹具在振动试验中的运用,并对夹具的性能参数进行了测试评估。     

典型室内公共场所灰尘中PBDEs污染特征及源解析

为探索以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）为代表的半挥发性有机化合物在典型室内公共场所中的污染特征及与材料的关系,在网咖、电子市场、建材市场、商场和图书城5类典型公共场所采集分析了灰尘样品,利用环境模拟舱研究了不同污染源材料中PBDEs的挥发强度系数（K_vsPBDEs）、衰减半衰期,结合主成分分析（PCA）分析了PBDEs的浓度与不同室内材料间的关系.结果表明,杭州5类典型室内公共场所灰尘中∑₁₄PBDEs的平均值分别为：网咖（2471.75ng/g）>电子市场（1071.77ng/g）>建材市场（900.63ng/g）>商场（441.27ng/g）>图书城（243.36ng/g）.所选取的10种室内典型污染源材料中∑₁₄PBDEs含量最高的为保温棉（91.61μg/g）,最低的为电路板（7.97μg/g）;K_vsPBDEs最高的为电线[14.04×10⁴μg/（g·m²）],最低的是纤维墙纸[0.87×10⁴μg/（g·m²）];塑料地毯、保温棉和纤维墙纸在40℃下的衰减半衰期分别为192,375和61d.研究发现室内公共场所中PBDEs的浓度与不同材料有关：网咖中PBDEs主要来自于纤维墙纸和电线;超市和图书城中PBDEs主要来自于陶瓷阻燃布和混纺地毯;建材市场中PBDEs主要来自于保温棉、电路板和塑料墙纸;电子市场中PBDEs主要来自于纤维阻燃布和电线.     

实验室加速腐蚀环境下7050-T7451厚板疲劳性能研究

目的研究两种应力集中系数7050厚板铝合金材料在腐蚀环境下的腐蚀疲劳性能。方法开展7050厚板铝合金材料在3.5%NaCl盐水和油箱积水两种环境下的腐蚀疲劳实验,采用三参数式进行S-N曲线拟合分析不同应力集中系数、不同腐蚀环境对7050厚板铝合金材料疲劳性能的影响。结果腐蚀环境和应力集中系数都会对7050厚板铝合金材料的疲劳性能有影响,3.5%NaCl盐水和油箱积水两种腐蚀环境相较于应力集中系数对于降低材料疲劳性能的影响更大。结论减少7050厚板铝合金应力集中系数,加强7050厚板铝合金材料腐蚀防护对于提高材料抗疲劳性能有显著作用。     

新安江上游流域径流变化特征与归因分析

开展变化环境下新安江上游流域径流变化及其归因的研究,有助于理解湿润区水循环过程对气候变化和人类活动的响应机制。利用实测径流、气象资料和遥感植被指数（NDVI）数据,基于布迪克假设框架的弹性系数法,分析了新安江上游降水、潜在蒸散发（ET₀）和植被变化对径流的影响。结果表明：（1）实测径流序列转折点发生在1999年左右。2000-2015年径流深较1983-1999年下降了281 mm,相对变化率为20.8%,且21世纪初期径流下降尤为显著。（2）2000-2015年下垫面参数n较1983-1999年增加了52.5%,植被变化对径流影响显著增强。径流对气候变化更加敏感,且对降水敏感性超过潜在蒸散发。（3）气候变化是径流变化的主导因素,其次为植被变化。气候变化和植被变化分别导致径流深下降了145.37 mm和140.96 mm,贡献率分别为50.77%和49.23%。NDVI在2000年后增加显著（P<0.001）,植被变化的水文效应超过了降水和潜在蒸散发,未来长期的植被生态水文效应研究仍需进一步加强。     

广州南沙气溶胶散射系数变化特征及影响因素分析研究

利用广州南沙气象探测基地大气成分站2011年散射系数和常规气象观测资料,分析了散射系数的变化特征及气象因子对散射系数的影响,并重点讨论了气象条件中风对散射系数的影响。结果表明：从全年散射系数平均值来看,雾霾日〉霾日〉雾日〉一般日,从季节来看,春季、夏季和秋季的雾霾日〉霾日,冬季的霾日和雾霾日消光系数接近,一年中散射系数的最大值出现在12月,最小值出现在8月。雾日和霾日的散射系数日变化呈单峰形,雾霾日呈双峰型分布,一般日没有明显日变化。散射系数同日照、湿度、气温和风速都负相关,日照、气温和湿度的相关关系最为明显。散射系数的高值出现在偏北风中,外来源的输送对南沙散射系数存在较为明显的影响。风速在小于7．5m／s时散射系数都是随着风速的增加而减小,当风速大于7．5m／s时,散射系数随风速的变化不规律。