贵阳市PM_(2.5)微观特征的季节变化分析

大气颗粒物的污染特性与其理化性质有密切关系.本文利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术(IA)对贵阳市PM2.5进行研究,分析其微观形貌、数量贡献、体积贡献和粒度分布特征.结果表明:贵阳市PM2.5中颗粒物类型以烟尘及其集合体为主,其次是不规则矿物颗粒、规则矿物颗粒、燃煤飞灰和未知颗粒;4个季节PM2.5样品中烟尘及其集合体占多数,较多分布在0.1~0.2μm的粒径范围内,冬季数量比达到88.24%,体积比为60.45%;研究区PM2.5样品中含有较多的规则矿物颗粒,春季数量比、体积比分别为13.49%、33.58%,春、夏、秋季数量集中分布在0.5~0.6μm粒径范围,冬季主要分布在1.0~2.5μm粒径范围.     

饮用水源中不同粒径颗粒物吸附抗生素特征研究

天然水体中存在大量的细小颗粒,它们往往与污染物相互作用并成为其载体,在饮用水传统处理工艺中亦不能被很好去除,进而随水厂出水进入人体,对人体健康造成潜在威胁.抗生素在饮用水源中的固、液相分配规律以及不同粒径颗粒对抗生素的吸附能力及影响因素亟待研究.实验利用微波萃取(MAE)和高效液相色谱与质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)的方法分别对颗粒物上吸附的抗生素进行了前处理和测定,进而分析了饮用水源颗粒物对4种典型抗生素的吸附特征.连续吸附平衡实验在360 min达到平衡,平衡时抗生素有32%~44%分布在颗粒上;除青霉素外,粒径0.05~1μm小颗粒的吸附量又占颗粒总吸附量的56%~70%.同时p H是影响饮用水源中颗粒吸附抗生素的重要因素,无论对于所有颗粒还是0.05~1μm的小颗粒,其吸附能力的最大值均出现在中性条件(p H=7)下.     

北京自备井水源内毒素污染及与其他水质参数的相关分析

本研究采集驻京部队14个自备井水源样品,采用动态浊度东方鲎试验定量检测内毒素活性,同时检测了细菌总数(流式细胞术法)、异养菌平板计数(HPC)、菌落总数(平板法)、总大肠菌群、颗粒物特征、浊度、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254值,比较了内毒素与这些水质参数的相关性.结果表明自备井水源的总内毒素活性为0.15~13.20 EU·m L~(-1),其中游离态内毒素活性为0.10~5.29 EU·m L~(~(-1)),结合态内毒素活性为0.01~8.60 EU·m L~(-1).对于内毒素污染较严重的自备井水源来说,结合态内毒素所占比例明显高于游离态内毒素.总内毒素与其他水质参数关联顺序为细菌总数(流式细胞术法)(r=0.88)HPC(r=0.79)DOC(r=0.77)UV254(r=0.57)总大肠菌群(r=0.50)菌落总数-平板法(r=0.49)=浊度(r=0.49)颗粒物总数(r=0.41).结合态内毒素与其他水质参数关联顺序为细菌总数-流式细胞术法(r=0.81)HPC(r=0.66)总大肠菌群(r=0.65)浊度(r=0.62)颗粒物总数(r=0.58)菌落总数(平板法)(r=0.22).游离态内毒素与水中DOC、UV254的相关系数r分别为0.58和0.26,结果表明游离态内毒素与水中DOC的相关性较大,与UV254相关性很小.     

四种典型抗生素在饮用水源中不同粒径颗粒上的竞争吸附研究

水体中的颗粒物作为载体,会吸附重金属、抗生素等污染物质,在饮用水传统处理工艺下难以有效去除,成为饮用水中的一大安全隐患.本文利用微波萃取(MAE)和高效液相色谱与质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)方法分别对颗粒物上吸附的抗生素进行了前处理和测定,分析了饮用水源水中的颗粒物对4种典型抗生素的竞争吸附特性.研究表明,水体颗粒物吸附单一抗生素达到吸附平衡时,小颗粒和大颗粒上的吸附位点均未达到饱和.抗生素的结构对其在颗粒物上的吸附有重要影响,4种抗生素的两两竞争吸附结果显示,罗红霉素(ROX)、青霉素G(PG)的竞争能力最强,甲氧苄啶(TMP)次之,萘啶酸(NAL)的竞争能力最弱.     

Physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surfaces of urban plants in Beijing

Particulate pollution is a serious health problem throughout the world, exacerbating a wide range of respiratory and vascular illnesses in urban areas. Urban plants play an important role in reducing particulate pollution. Physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surfaces of eleven roadside plants at four sites of Beijing were studies. Results showed that density of particles on the leaf surfaces greatly varied with plant species and traffic condition. Fraxinus chiuensis, Sophora japonica Ailanthus altissima, Syringa oblata and Prunus persica, had larger densities of particles among the tall species. Due to resuspension of road dust, the densities of particles of Euonymus japonicns and Parthenocissus quinquefolia with low sampling height were 2-35 times to other taller tree species. For test plant species, micro-roughness of leaf surfaces and density of particles showed a close correlation. In general, the larger micro-roughness of leaf surfaces is, the larger density of particles is. Particles settling upon leaf surfaces were dominantly PM30 （particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter; 98.4%） and PM2.5 （particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; 64.2%） which were closely relative to human health. Constant elements of particles were C, O, K, Ca, Si, Al, Mg, Na, Fe, S, Cl and minerals with higher content were SiO2, CaCO3, CaMg（CO3）2, NaCI and 2CASO4. H2O, SiO2. CaCO3 and CaMg（CO3）2 mainly came from resuspension of road dust. 2CaSO4. H2O was produced by the reaction between CaCO3 derived from earth dust or industrial emission and SO2, H2SO4 or sulfate. NaCl was derived from sea salt.     

异养-自养耦合深度脱氮系统的生物脱氮性能研究

为探究低C/N〔ρ(COD_Cr)/ρ(NO₃^--N),下同〕水体的脱氮技术,分别以火山岩、火山岩/铁碳颗粒、火山岩/硫磺颗粒、火山岩/铁碳颗粒/硫磺颗粒作为填料构建R1、R2、R3和R4反应器,考察反硝化系统在不同C/N下的脱氮效果.结果表明:①随着进水C/N的降低,R1、R2和R3反应器的NO₃^--N去除率逐渐降低,R4反应器则是先升后降;在C/N为1.5～2.0、系统温度为30℃、进水pH为7.0±0.2、HRT(水力停留时间)为4.0 h、进水ρ(NO₃^--N)为30 mg/L时,R4反应器中NO₃^--N去除率最高,平均值为90.1%.②在R2反应器中,随着反应器的运行,铁碳颗粒自身氧化表面形成氧化膜,使得铁自养反硝化作用不断减弱,脱氮效率与R1反应器相近.③运行前期,R2和R4反应器保持着较高的ρ(NH₄⁺-N),随着反应器的运行,4个反应...     

环境空气PM2.5化学组分监测数据审核指标的建立:以长三角地区为例

本研究基于2014～2017年长三角地区2100余组环境空气PM_2.5组分监测数据,建立了组分监测数据有效性的审核指标.以百分位数法(P_2.5,P_97.5)确定了长三角地区阴离子(A)与阳离子(C)电荷当量浓度比(A/C)、所测组分浓度之和(∑组分)与PM_2.5实测浓度比、基于物质重构的PM_2.5质量浓度(PM_2.5,重构)与PM_2.5实测浓度比、 S/SO₄^2-和K/K⁺的双侧95%参考范围分别为:(0.82, 1.35)、(0.63, 0.94)、(0.62, 1.00)、(0.28, 0.50)和(0.66, 2.31),且上述指标各月的平均值和参考范围基本不受季节变化影响. NH⁺₄的理论浓度与实测浓度检验结果表明, NH⁺₄的化学形态呈现季节性变化,春夏季主要以NH     

Cumulative impact of marinas on estuarine water quality

The purpose of this work is to present a modeling approach for assessing and managing the cumulative impact of marinas on estuarine systems. In doing so, both a water-quality model and a planning and management model are developed. The water-quality model predicts biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and fecal coliform (FC) loadings from marina sources in a hypothetical North Carolina estuary. By running the water-quality model repeatedly with varied loading input, impact coefficients are determined. These impact coefficients are used in the planning and management model, the output of which gives the sizes and locations of marinas in the estuarine system such that dissolved oxygen (DO) and FC water-quality standards are maintained.Five different estuarine development scenarios are considered. Each scenario is evaluated with respect to both maximum and uniform land development constraints. In addition, two alternative fecal coliform standards are used with each of the development options.     

天然气管道直管段结垢速率数值模拟研究

为了探究天然气集输管道运行中结垢速率的影响因素,基于FLUENT软件建立了天然气集输管道结垢速率数值模拟模型。结合川西北天然气管网的实际运行参数,定量分析了管道压力、温度、垢粒子浓度和流速对结垢速率的影响。结果表明,管道压力、介质流速与结垢速率呈负相关关系,介质温度、粒子浓度与结垢速率呈正相关关系。在实际生产过程中,可以通过适当增大气田采出水的压力和流速,降低介质温度来达到抑制结垢发生的目的;并且还分析了CaCO3颗粒在直管段处的生成与沉积规律。     

Metallic Composition and Sources of Airborne Atmospheric Particulates in the Industrial Belt of the City of Madrid

The characteristics of the airborne particulates in the industrial belt of the city of Madrid were studied and their metal content in Pb, Ca, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, Mg, Zn and K were determined, with the purpose of assessing any differences when compared to typical urban particulates. The object was to examine the sources of the trace metals analysed and to evaluate their spatial and temporal variations. Six sample collection points were chosen in the industrial belt of the city of Madrid and more than 320 samples were collected over a period of one year. Various forms of source identification were used in order to study the origins of each of the analysed metals. The data obtained indicates that the area studied has a different kind of pollution from that which typically occurs in urban or industrial areas. We were also able to explain a high percentage of the inorganic pollution investigated using a small number of sources: resuspended ground dust, vehicle exhaust, building, industrial combustion and metal processes, and fuel-oil combustion.