北京地区大气颗粒物输送路径及潜在源分析

利用TrajStat软件和全球资料同化系统数据,计算了2005~2016年北京市逐日72h气流后向轨迹,采用聚类分析方法,结合北京同期PM_2.5逐日质量浓度数据,分析北京市年及四季后向气流轨迹特征及其对北京市颗粒物浓度的影响,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,探讨研究时期内不同季节影响北京市颗粒物质量浓度的潜在源区以及不同源区对北京颗粒物质量浓度的贡献.结果表明,就全年而言,西北输送气流占总轨迹的比例最高,达59.97%,且其输送距离最远、输送高度最高、移速最快.输送高度最低、距离最短、移速最慢的东南气流占比次之,为27.64%,东北气流占比最低为12.40%,其移速和输送距离介于前两者之间.主要污染轨迹来自山东、河北,其次为来自俄罗斯、蒙古国和内蒙古荒漠戈壁地区的西北气流.PSCF和CWT分析发现,蒙中、晋中、冀西南、豫北及鲁西是影响北京PM_2.5的主要潜在区域.而不同季节、不同输送路径对北京PM_2.5污染影响的差异显著,春季主要受来自蒙晋交界区域的短距离输送气流影响,潜在源区位于冀南、鲁西、豫东和皖西北地区,夏季污染轨迹来自鲁、晋地区,潜在源区为豫东北、皖北和苏北地区;秋季主要受来自冀南地区的短距离气流影响,潜在源区为晋北、冀南、豫北和鲁西地区,冬季主要受来自蒙古国中西部和蒙中地区的远距离输送气流影响,潜在源区主要在冀南、鲁西、豫北、晋和蒙西地区.     

泡沫去除含水层硝基苯微观过程及其稳定化机理

为了研究泡沫在地层多孔介质中的微观渗流行为、去除污染物的过程和机理,以及纳米SiO₂颗粒对泡沫稳定性能的影响,制作了真实砂岩微观模型并利用硬脂酸钠对纳米SiO₂颗粒进行了改性以稳定泡沫.结果表明,泡沫在多孔介质中的生成、破灭和运移是同时发生的,其生成方式与注入气流速度有关,破灭与气体扩散有关,运移则是以大部分被孔道所捕集而少部分以气泡链的形式进行;泡沫去除污染物硝基苯的方式包括乳化增溶、剥离携带和封堵作用,其中封堵作用是主要方式;疏水改性的纳米SiO₂颗粒对泡沫的稳定性有极大的提升,添加的纳米颗粒浓度越大,稳定性越强;纳米SiO₂颗粒稳定的泡沫在模拟中迁移时仍具有较强的稳定性,随着泡沫注入体积的增大,注入压力及阻力因子增大,封堵效应增强.     

2013年1月中国中东部大气重污染期间上海颗粒物的污染特征

2013年1月,我国中东部地区连续遭受多场大范围、长时间、高强度的灰霾天气.期间,本研究采用在线连续观测手段测量了上海市城区大气中气态污染物、颗粒物的质量浓度、细颗粒物的化学组分等,获得了高污染过程中颗粒物的污染特征.观测结果显示,1月份期间PM₁₀、PM_2.5与PM_1.0平均浓度分别为(125±75) μg·m^-3、(82±54) μg·m^-3和(44±27) μg·m^-3,PM_2.5/PM₁₀为65.0%±13.0%,能见度小于10.0 km的累计时间长达284 h,占整月小时数的38.2%.灰霾期间大气PM_2.5中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和OM分别占PM_2.5的21.5%±4.9%、22.8%±5.9%、15.9%±3.1%和20.4%±4.3%,其中,二次组分(SNA+SOA)占PM_2.5的65.7%±8.4%,表明灰霾期间二次组分对PM_2.5的贡献较大;灰霾期间还测得较高的SOR和NOR,分别为0.335±0.121和0.229±0.066,说明SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的生成效率较高;较高的/比值(1.137±0.438)表明灰霾期间机动车的污染较明显.研究发现,随着PM_2.5质量浓度不断地增加,SNA的比例明显上升,期间NH₄⁺对SO₄^2-、NO₃^-等酸性物质的中和发挥了重要作用.研究结果显示,灰霾期间,因受低温和高浓度颗粒物的影响,上海地区的大气对有机物的氧化能力明显减弱,昼夜OC/EC值差别不大.     

秸秆焚烧期间空气中细颗粒的组分特征

分析并探讨了南京市秸秆焚烧期间细颗粒中水溶性阴离子和铵,有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),以及Cu、Zn、Pb、Si等38种元素的含量和浓度.结果表明:细颗粒( PM2.5)水溶性离子中硫酸根浓度最高,其次是铵根离子,硝酸盐和氯离子,氟离子和亚硝酸盐最低.秸秆焚烧期间细颗粒样品中离子含量占26％,Si元素和金属所占份额为...     

What have we known so far for fluorescence staining and quantification of microplastics: A tutorial review

• Fluorescence staining provides a fast and easy method to quantify microplastics. • Factors that influence staining are summarized to obtain an optimum staining effect. • Natural organic matter can be stained by dye and interfere with quantification. • Fluorescence staining is applied in both field and laboratory studies. • Future work involves developing new dyes and automated image-analysis methods. Understanding the fate and toxicity of microplastics (MPs,<5 mm plastic particles) is limited by quantification methods. This paper summarizes the methods in use and presents new ones. First, sampling and pretreatment processes of MPs, including sample collection, digestion, density separation, and quality control are reviewed. Then the promising and convenient staining procedures and quantification methods for MPs using fluorescence dyes are reviewed. The factors that influence the staining of MPs, including their physicochemical properties, are summarized to provide an optimal operation procedure. In general, the digestion step is crucial to eliminate natural organic matter (NOM) to avoid interference in quantification. Chloroform was reported to be the most appropriate solvent, and 10–20 μg/mL are recommended as optimal dye concentrations. In addition, a heating and cooling procedure is recommended to maintain the fluorescence intensity of MPs for two months. After staining, a fluorescence microscope is usually used to characterize the morphology, mass, or number of MPs, but compositional analysis cannot be determined with it. These fluorescence staining methods have been implemented to study MP abundance, transport, and toxicity and have been combined with other chemical characterization techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. More studies are needed to focus on the synthesis of novel dyes to avoid NOM’s interference. They need to be combined with other spectroscopic techniques to characterize plastic composition and to develop image-analysis methods. The stability of stained MPs needs to be improved.     

全生物降解地膜原料颗粒对土壤性质、小麦生长和养分吸收转运的影响

全生物降解地膜是解决白色污染问题的有效途径之一,但其对土壤-植物系统的影响尚不清楚.为全生物降解地膜大面积应用的安全性评价提供依据,采用盆栽试验研究了全生物降解地膜原料颗粒种类（H、 S和X）和用量(2.5、 10和40 g·kg^-1)对土壤理化性质、生物学性质及植物生长和养分吸收转运的影响.结果表明,3种全生物降解地膜原料颗粒显著提高土壤pH,但对土壤有机质含量影响不显著,H地膜颗粒中高用量和S地膜颗粒低中用量时对土壤硝化作用及土壤氮的有效性有积极作用,而X地膜颗粒则表现为抑制作用;H地膜颗粒使土壤有效磷含量提高,S和X无显著影响;X地膜颗粒使土壤有效钾含量提高,S和H无显著影响. 3种全生物降解地膜颗粒对土壤酶活性的影响因地膜种类、用量和酶的类型的不同而异,随着地膜颗粒用量提高,3种土壤酶活性均呈现下降趋势.对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生长而言,除低中用量的S处理外,其余处理均抑制小麦的生长,其中X地膜颗粒对小麦根、茎叶和籽粒生物量抑制作用最大且随地膜颗粒用量提高小麦生物量抑制效果越明显.对小麦养分而言,在地膜颗粒低用量时促进氮吸收、高用...     

大气气溶胶消光系数的计算方法研究

基于Mie散射理论,在过去的同种颗粒消光系数计算的基础上,对多种成分颗粒的大气气溶胶,建立了消光系数的平均(理论的)计算方法,同时,利用容积占比等效折射率,建立了消光系数的等效计算方法,验证了该等效法的可靠性。随着最近实验测量技术的发展,可将大气气溶胶分成成分相近的若干组分,应用上述方法可按这些组分去计算成分复杂的实际的大气气溶胶的消光系数。对Kleiner Feldberg测量数据的应用得到了较理想的结果,这充分说明了方法的可靠性和可行性。该方法的建立,不仅为气溶胶的光学特性研究提供了一个新的理论方法,也为分析大气环境质量提供了有力的支持。     

A comparison of SEM-EDS with ICP-AES for the quantitative elemental determination of estuarine particles

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a key component regulating the biogeochemistry of natural and contaminant moieties in estuaries. Individual particle analyses can complement conventional bulk analyses of SPM, but are rarely undertaken. This study used scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) of particles to quantify a range of elements in the reference estuarine sediment PACS-2. This approach was compared with a bulk SPM analysis based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The median concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, and Ca for the two approaches were similar, and accuracy for both methods was good. SEM-EDS analysis was also satisfactory for K. Agreement was poorer for Mn and Ti, which were present at trace concentrations. Increasing the number of particles examined by SEM-EDS should improve the analysis. SEM-EDS analysis of SPM from the Tamar Estuary, UK, revealed marked geochemical differences between particle sub-populations.Selected article from 6th European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry, Belgrade, 2005, organised by Prof. Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic and the European Association of Chemistry and the Environment (ACE, www.research.plymouth.ac.uk/ace)     

Line intersect sampling: Ell-shaped transects and multiple intersections

The probability of selecting a population element under line intersect sampling depends on the width of the particle in the direction perpendicular to the transect, as is well known. The consequence of this when using ell-shaped transects rather than straight-line transects are explicated, and modifications that preserve design-unbiasedness of Kaiser's (1983) conditional and unconditional estimators are presented. A case against treating multiple intersections as multiple probabilistic events is argued on the basis, also, of preserving design-unbiased estimation.     

膨润土颗粒对多壁碳纳米管在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响

选用石英砂填充柱模拟土壤体系,通过对比在有无膨润土颗粒(Bentonite particles)存在时得到的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的穿透曲线和滞留曲线,考察膨润土颗粒对MWCNTs在多孔介质中迁移沉积行为的影响.实验选取的Na Cl溶液离子强度为1 mmol·L-1和30 mmol·L-1,Ca Cl2溶液离子强度为0.3 mmol·L-1和1.2 mmol·L-1.溶液p H不进行调节,p H值大约为5.6.研究结果表明,在低离子强度Na Cl(1 mmol·L-1)溶液中,有膨润土颗粒共存时MWCNTs的穿透曲线和滞留曲线与没有膨润土颗粒共存时相近,表明该条件下MWCNTs的迁移和沉积行为不受膨润土颗粒影响,而在高离子强度Na Cl(30 mmol·L-1)溶液中,有膨润土颗粒共存时MWCNTs的穿透曲线低于没有膨润土颗粒共存时MWCNTs的穿透曲线,表明该条件下膨润土颗粒会抑制MWCNTs的迁移,且增加的滞留主要发生在柱子入口端;在Ca Cl2溶液中,无论离子强度的高低(0.3 mmol·L-1和1.2 mmol·L-1),有膨润土颗粒共存时,MWCNTs的穿透曲线和滞留曲线都不发生变化,说明在二价溶液中膨润土颗粒对MWCNTs的迁移和沉积行为影响不大.