转锥式生物质热解装置中热载体输送技术的研究

如何将高温热载体连续、稳定、高效地输送到反应器中，保证生物质颗粒充分的热解，以提高生物燃油的转化率，是转锥式生物质热解装置设计中的一个研究重点。本文提出了自行设计的高温热载体的两种主要输送装置，链式输送装置和气力输送装置，分析了各自装置的研究方案特点，最后对存在问题进行了探讨。     

Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Mineral Particles Collected in Dunhuang,China and those Collected in the Free Troposphere over Japan: Possible Chemical Modification during Long-Range Transport

The Asian continent is recognized as one of the most important sources of mineral (or soil) particles. These particles have a large potential to effect global changes through the biogeochemical cycle of particulates and through radiative balance (IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001). Therefore, comparison of particle compositions near the source region and those after long-range transport is important in understanding the long-range particle transport phenomenon. Individual aerosolparticles were collected in Dunhuang (40°09N; 94°41E), China. Particles were collected at the campus of the Meteorological Bureau of Dunhuang City (17 August 2001) and near the Mogao Grots, located approximately 30 km from Dunhuang (18 August 2001, 18 October 2001 and 13 January 2002) using a two-stage low-volume impactor. The morphology of individual aerosol particles and their elemental compositions were examined via a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, S-3000N) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer (Horiba, EMAX-500). The particles collected at these locations were comprised primarily of minerals, with the exception of sulphateparticles in the submicron range that were contained in thesample collected on 18 October 2001 (likely, ammonium sulphate). The most abundant elements were found to be Si and Al. Approximately 46–77% of the collected particles were Si-richparticles (composed primarily of quartz and aluminosilicate),and 13–41% of the collected particles were Ca-rich particles,such as calcite (CaCO₃), dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂),and gypsum (CaSO₄2H₂O). The fractions of Fe-rich, Mg-rich, Ti-rich, K-rich, and Cl-rich were 3–10, 0–7, 0–3, 0–1, and 0–1%, respectively. Similar types of mineral particles were found in the free troposphere over Japan(Trochkine et al., 2002). A number of differences were found to exist between the particles collected in China and thosecollected in Japan, and these differences can be explained bychemical modification of the particles during transport fromChina to Japan.     

Characteristics of metal enrichment in Deep Bay, Hong Kong

Abstract: Sediment cores, suspended particles and overlying water were collected in Deep Bay, Hong Kong. Enrichment of Zn in surface sediments in the landward direction and the decreasing of exchangeable Cd, Ni and Zn in sediment from the inner bay to the outer bay indicated the influence of anthropogenic pollutants discharged from the riparian runoffs.     

Sedimentation of short cylindrical pollutants with mechanical contacts

Lattice Boltzmann method and elastic particle collision model were used to investigate the sedimentation of short cylindrical pollutant particles with mechanical contacts for varying bulk number density ε and terminal Reynolds number ReT. The corresponding experiments were performed as a comparison. The clusters of pollutant particles with an inverted “T” structure were observed, the pollutant particles for high ε and large ReT scattered wider than that for low ε and small ReT. The sedimentation velocities increased suddenly at the initial stage, then decreased drastically, after that swayed around and approached to a steady value. The time to steady state did not depend on ε and ReT. The effect of particle interactions was to hinder the average sedimentation velocity, and hindrance was directly proportional to ε. The orientation distributions of pollutant particles depended on ReT and ε, especially on the former. Both the standard deviations of vertical and horizontal velocity, the former was larger than the latter, were nearly independent on ε and ReT.     

天然水中Ca^2＋的双波长分光光度法测定

依据胶体颗粒与入射光有A=φε~(-2)λ~(-ε)关系,又φε~(-6)与CaC_2O_4-乙醇胶体体系中的Ca~(2+)浓度呈正相关,φ、ε分别为胶粒的粒数函数和粒径函数。选择两个测定波长λ_1和λ_2,解联立方程,计算φ和ε,由φ和ε求Ca~(2+)浓度。方法的线性范围为0～20μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.4μg/ml。     

环境纳米污染物与微界面水质过程

提出了环境纳米污染物的分类概念 .环境中对生态和人体有危害的污染物大多处于纳米级尺度 ,并因此而具有许多与污染行为有关的特征 .它们在微界面上的强烈吸附及各种反应就是突出的表现 .文中讨论了它们特殊的共同特征和环境微界面上的行为 ,举出其形态分布、光化学降解、生物膜作用、污染控制技术等方面的例子加以阐述 .纳米污染物界面形貌的观测是近代仪器的重要发展 .纳米污染物与微界面的相互作用构成它们环境污染效应的核心机理 ,也是环境科学与技术研究的重要发展趋势     

平衡尘粒模型用于旋风分离器分级效率的计算

运用平衡尘粒模型分析给出了旋风器分级效率的计算方法 ,对反映分级效率分布的参数切割粒径dc50 和分布指数 β进行了讨论。以Stairmand旋风器为例 ,与部分研究者的分级效率计算公式进行了对比     

混凝法强化城市污水一级处理技术的应用研究

对城市污水中污染物质的颗粒分布,混凝法的工作机理以及工艺流程进行了较为详细的分析,同时对国内外混凝法工艺应用于城市污水强化一级处理的实例进行了相应介绍。     

港湾污水排放对红树林湿地的影响

通过样方调查和采样分析,研究了港湾污水的排放对红树林湿地中水体、土壤和植物3个子系统的影响。结果表明:(1)经过水体自净和红树林湿地的净化作用,随着湿地与排污口距离的加大,水体污染逐渐减轻;(2)港湾污水的排入未改变红树林湿地中土壤的质地,增大了重金属元素的含量;(3)红树林土壤对水体中的重金属元素吸附、积累能力较强,可作为重金属的沉积地;(4)港湾污水的排放对红树林植物群落结构和生长没有造成不良影响;(5)重金属元素被红树林植物吸收后大多积累在根部,避免了通过食物链的传递而影响人类健康。     

燃煤电厂排放细微灰粒中痕量元素的分布与富集规律

本文测定了武汉市青山热电厂５＾＃锅炉在两种不同燃烧工况条件下，除尘器入口烟道灰的四种不同粒径灰粒中的Ｃｕ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ，Ｃｒ和Ｂｅ等七种痕量元素的含量。发现大部分元素有在细微粒子中富集的倾向，富集程度与颗粒物粒径大小、元素性质、元素存在形态及燃烧工况条件有密切关系。这种富集倾向可用痕量元素在燃烧过程中的蒸发－凝集作用来解释。