露天堆场扬尘量分布的计算

提出了一种计算露天堆场扬尘量分布的方法,根据此方法理论计算了不同风场入口条件下的粉尘颗粒质量分布.并参照美国EPA的风蚀排放因子的方法,将其计算结果与文献资料加以对比.结果显示,计算结果与文献值之间仅相差3.5%,这表明此计算方法较为可信,为进一步详尽地分析颗粒扬尘量的分布提供计算依据.     

共沉积制备Pd／Cu纳米金属粒子对四氯化碳的脱氯研究

利用电化学共沉积的方法,在玻碳电极表面沉积制备了纳米尺寸的Pd／Cu二相金属粒子。采用循环伏安法研究了四氯化碳在沉积了Pd／Cu纳米粒子的电极表面的电化学还原行为。研究了纳米粒子尺寸、Pd和Cu质量比对四氯化碳还原脱氯效果的影响,并对反应机理进行了探讨。     

Leaching of hydrophobic Cu and Zn from discarded marine antifouling paint residues: Evidence for transchelation of metal pyrithiones

Leaching of Cu and Zn from a composite of discarded antifouling paint residues ([Cu] = 288 mg g⁻¹; [Zn] = 96 mg g⁻¹) into natural sea water has been studied over a period of 75 h. Total Cu and Zn were released according to a pseudo first-order reaction, with rate constants on the order of 0.3 and 2.5 (mg L⁻¹)⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively, and final concentrations equivalent to the dissolution of about 8 and 2% of respective concentrations in the composite. Time-distributions of hydrophobic metals, determined by solid phase extraction-methanol elution, were more complex. Net release of hydrophobic Cu was greater in the absence of light than under a sequence of light-dark cycles; however, hydrophobic Zn release was not detected under the former conditions but contributed up to 50% of total aqueous Zn when light was present. These observations are interpreted in terms of the relative thermodynamic and photolytic stabilities of biocidal pyrithione complexes.     

水浴除尘器在锅炉房应用中的问题及改进

根据水浴除尘器在锅炉房中的实际应用,发现开始运行时,除渣沟内的水面上始终飘浮着米粒大小的颗粒悬浮物,极大地影响了除尘效果,通过掺加和变换煤种,这种现象得到缓解和消除.     

Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2

Boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using modified sol-gel reaction process and characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, particle size distribution （PSD）, diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of dye Acid Red B （ARB）. The results showed that the prepared photocatalysts were mixed oxides mainly consisting of titania, ceria, and boron oxide. The structure of TiO2 could be transformed from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile by increasing calcination temperature; the transformation being accompanied by the growth of particle size without any obvious change in phase structure of CeO2. The XPS of B1.6Ce1.0-TiO2 prepared at 500℃ showed that a few boron atoms were incorporated into titania and ceria lattice, whereas others existed as B2O3. Cerium ions existed in two states, Ce^3＋ and Ce^4＋, and the atomic ratio of Ce^3＋/Ce^4＋ was 1.86. When boron and cerium were doped, the UV-Vis adsorption band wavelength showed an obvious shift toward the visible range （〈526 nm）. As the atomic ratio of Ce/Ti increased to 1.0, the absorbance edge wavelength increased to 481 nm. The absorbance edge wavelength decreased for higher cerium doping levels （Ce/Ti=2.0）. The particles size ranged from 122 to 255 nm with a domain at 168 nm （39.4%）. The degradation of ARB dye indicated that the photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 were much higher than those of P25 （a standard TiO2 powder）. The activities increased as the boron doping increased, whereas decreased when the Ce/Ti atomic ratio was greater than 0.5. The optimum atomic ratio of B/Ti and Ce/Ti was 1.6 and 0.5, respectively.     

上海大气颗粒物中无机离子的粒径分布及其季节变化

为深入理解上海大气颗粒物的污染特征和来源,于2016年8月—2017年4月使用微孔撞击式采样器(MOUDI)采集了上海市不同季节18μm以下11个不同粒径段的大气颗粒物样品44套,采用双通道离子色谱对颗粒物中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等无机离子组分进行了定量分析,研究了主要离子的浓度、粒径分布及其季节变化特征.结果表明,1.8μm的细颗粒中离子总浓度平均值在春、夏、秋、冬季采样期间分别为13.46、4.97、6.72和16.54μg·m-3,存在显著的季节变化,1.8μm的粗颗粒中离子总浓度平均值分别为4.65、3.78、5.90和4.14μg·m-3,季节变化不明显.上海大气颗粒物中SO2-4和NH+4呈单峰型粒径分布,峰值粒径由夏季的0.32～0.56μm逐渐转变为冬季的0.56～1.0μm,说明夏季时SO2-4的形成方式以气相/非均相反应为主,而冬季时以云过程为主;冬、春季时NO-3以细颗粒态为主,而夏、秋季时在3.2～5.6μm的粗颗粒出现峰值,夏、秋季较高的大气温度使得硝酸铵的气-粒平衡更偏向于气态,细颗粒态硝酸铵的浓度较低,硝酸气体与碳酸盐或海盐反应生成的粗颗粒态硝酸盐的比例因而大幅增加; K+主要存在于细颗粒中,峰值粒径为0.32～0.56μm,夏、秋季时3.2～5.6μm的粗颗粒中有较高浓度; Cl-以粗颗粒态为主,而冬、春季时在0.32～0.56μm和0.56～1.0μm的颗粒物中出现峰值,燃煤等人为过程为其主要来源.阴、阳离子平衡分析表明,除夏季外,上海的大气颗粒物呈现微弱的酸性,但0.056～0.32μm细颗粒中阴离子有明显的缺失,未定量的有机酸及浓度过低时离子色谱响应的非线性可能是导致0.056～0.32μm细颗粒中离子平衡发生显著改变的原因.研究结果可为上海大气颗粒物来源及形成机理研究提供重要的信息.     

纳米磁粉协同邻氨基苯酚优化活性污泥工艺运行效能研究

在纳米磁粉(NMPs)和邻氨基苯酚(OAP)的协同作用下,可以达到优化活性污泥工艺的运行效能和从源头上减少剩余污泥产量的目的.纳米磁粉和邻氨基苯酚被分别和同时投加到序批式反应器(SBR)中来进行实验研究.实验结果表明:在OAP的单独作用和二者协同作用下污泥产量分别减少了31%和25%.NMPs与OAP协同作用下对COD和TP的去除率比OAP单独作用下分别增加了8%和5%,出水NH+4-N的浓度和平均SVI值分别下降了58%和10%.连续运行36d后,OAP和NMPs协同作用下的脱氢酶活性比对照增加了6%,镜检发现:生物反应器中活性污泥絮体结构紧密,并且存在大量种类繁多的原生和后生动物.研究结果表明,在纳米磁粉和OAP的协同作用下可有效地实现剩余污泥减量化、改善污泥的沉降性能,并能抑制仅加入解耦联剂(OAP)对活性污泥工艺效能产生的不良影响.     

Mini-Review： Green sustainable processes using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide

Environmentally benign carbon dioxide offers significant potential in its supercritical fluid phase to replace current reliance on a range of hazardous,relatively expensive and environmentally damaging organic solvents that are used on an extensive global basis.The unique combination of the physical properties of supercritical fluids are being exploited and further researched to continue the development and establishment of high efficiency,compact plant to provide energy and water efficient manufacturing processes.This mini-review is focused on the use and potential applications of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide for a selected range of key and emerging industrial processes as a sustainable alternative to totally eliminate or greatly reduce the requirement of numerous conventional organic solvents.Examples of the industries include:chemical extraction and purification,synthetic chemical reactions including polymerization and inorganic catalytic processes.Biochemical reactions involving enzymes,particle size engineering,textile dyeing and advanced material manufacture provide further illustrations of vital industrial activities where supercritical fluid technology processes are being implemented or developed.Some aspects relating to the economics of sustainable supercritical fluid carbon dioxide processes are also considered.     

纳米双金属体系催化降解有机氯化物研究进展

综述了国内外在双金属体系催化降解氯代芳香烃及衍生物、氯代脂肪烃、有机氯农药等有机氯化物领域的研究情况,简要分析了纳米双金属体系的还原脱氯反应机理和优缺点,并讨论了该研究领域的发展前景。     

Characterisation and seasonal variations of particles in the atmosphere of rural, urban and industrial areas: Organic compounds

Atmospheric aerosol samples(PM_(2.5–0.3), i.e., atmospheric particles ranging from 0.3 to2.5 μm) were collected during two periods: spring–summer 2008 and autumn–winter 2008–2009, using high volume samplers equipped with cascade impactors. Two sites located in the Northern France were compared in this study: a highly industrialised city(Dunkirk) and a rural site(Rubrouck). Physicochemical analysis of particulate matter(PM) was undertaken to propose parameters that could be used to distinguish the various sources and to exhibit seasonal variations but also to provide knowledge of chemical element composition for the interpretation of future toxicological studies. The study showed that PM2.5–0.3concentration in the atmosphere of the rural area remains stable along the year and was significantly lower than in the urban or industrial ones, for which concentrations increase during winter.High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), dioxins, furans and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls(DL-PCBs), generated by industrial activities, traffic and municipal wastes incineration were detected in the samples. Specific criteria like Carbon Preference Index(CPI) and Combustion PAHs/Total PAHs ratio(CPAHs/TPAHs) were used to identify the possible sources of atmospheric pollution. They revealed that paraffins are mainly emitted by biogenic sources in spring–summer whereas as in the case of PAHs, they have numerous anthropogenic emission sources in autumn-winter(mainly from traffic and domestic heating).