Environmental release of dioxins from reservoir sources during beach nourishment programs

In late 1990s, USEPA/FDA made an important connection regarding the presence of elevated levels of dioxins (e.g., 1500 ng kg⁻¹ TEQ) in ball clays mined in Mississippi (USA) from a geological deposit dated to ∼40 million years (Mississippi Embayment) that stretches over several states (northern part of Mississippi to Kentucky) and levels of dioxins in selected animal food sources. Following a recent beach nourishment program along the mid-Atlantic coast of the US, a number of dark gray, blue tinted nuggets of varying sizes were found on beach strands and near the shoreline. Using the presence of these balls of clay (shape, color, and knowledge regarding their use in pottery) on the beach, together with our direct experience analyzing ball clays for dioxins, we made a possible association between these clays and elevated dioxins. Concerns regarding the potential of nourishment programs to cause severe damage to our beaches drove us to test the dioxin content of nourishment exposed clays. A number of the nuggets, along with freshly dredged and deposited sand (collected the morning after nourishment) with the same coloration, and others (sun-bleached), collected approximately 2 weeks after the completion of the nourishment efforts, were analyzed for the presence of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and selected semi-volatile chlorinated organics. The clay PCDD/F WHO2005-TEQs (dry weight; ND = DL; EMPC = EMPC) ranged from 0.41 to 5.78 ng kg⁻¹ with an average of 2.64 ng kg⁻¹, whereas the sand sample’s TEQs ranged from 0.18 to 0.31 ng kg⁻¹ PCDD/F WHO-2005, with an average of 0.22 ng kg⁻¹. The average total tetra- through octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin concentration was 2700 ng kg⁻¹ (with a maximum of 5800 ng kg⁻¹) for the clays and 8.5 ng kg⁻¹ (with a maximum of 16.8 ng kg⁻¹) for the sand samples. The congener 2,3,7,8-TCDD (TEF = 1) was detected in half of the clay samples (0.11-0.77 ng kg⁻¹). All of the clay and sand samples displayed an unambiguous and dominating 1,4,6,9-chlorination pattern across homolog groups. No other chlorinated aromatics were detected above background levels. The observations, along with the absence or an extremely low level of polychlorinated dibenzofurans, together with the mineralogical analysis, supports the conclusion that off-shore dredging activities are reaching reservoir sources containing dioxin-tainted, smectic/kaolinite clay minerals. Subsequent beach erosion provides additional environmental releases over time, as buried balls of clay from previous nourishment efforts become exposed.     

投加ABS颗粒对MBR膜过滤特性的影响

向膜生物反应器(MBR)中投加ABS颗粒,以干扰膜表面泥饼层的形成和减轻膜污染的发生。结果表明,向MBR中投加粒径为1 mm的ABS颗粒,发现颗粒的最佳投加量为1.5 kg/m3,投加颗粒的膜运行时间是对照实验运行时间的3倍。颗粒对膜表面泥饼沉积层抑制明显,与对照实验泥饼层重量最大相差290 g,颗粒使膜上泥饼层的分布也不同。颗粒的投加也改变了污泥EPS含量,相比对照实验,多糖、蛋白质含量分别提高了17.2%和8%,污泥粘度提高了17.6%。细格栅与颗粒使MBR对TN、TP去除效果分别提高了8.5%和9.7%,对COD的影响不大。     

黄铁矿还原固定水中的高铼酸根

以铼作为放射性锝的替代元素,用黄铁矿粉末对高铼酸根的还原固定进行了研究。采用球磨法制备出黄铁矿粉末。分别研究了不同固液比、不同的初始p H值和不同粒径条件下,黄铁矿粉末对高铼酸根的还原固定效果。结果显示,固液比为1∶10(g/m L)为宜,在体系初始p H为12时,形成铁氧体,吸附高铼酸根,提升还原固定效果。对产物进行XPS表征,证明还原产物为Re O2。在乙醇介质中机械活化后利用超声分散可得到具有大的比表面积和晶格畸变的粒径较小的黄铁矿粉末,使其反应的活性位点增多,处理效果明显好于大粒径的黄铁矿粉末,在相对较短的时间内,铼的去除率可以达42%。在缺氧环境下黄铁矿能够长期保持有效性,在地质处置库应用中有实际意义。     

钯/聚合物复合催化膜制备及催化还原对硝基苯酚

钯金属具有较高的催化加氢性能,钯催化还原降解水体中污染物的研究一直是国内外研究的热点。为了制备催化性能稳定、催化活性高且易于回收利用的Pd催化剂,实验以聚丙烯腈(PAN)聚合物分离膜作为基材,采用层层自组装方法将聚乙烯亚胺/钯配合物(PEI-Pd(II))和聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)交替组装在基膜表面,制备了(PEI-Pd(0)/PSS)n复合催化膜,并采用膜分离装置通过对硝基苯酚催化加氢反应来评价催化膜的催化性能。实验结果表明,荷电化处理时间、NaOH溶液浓度、PEI和Pd(II)摩尔比、自组装层数影响着膜的催化性能。当荷电化处理时间为1.5 h,NaOH溶液浓度为1.5 mol/L,PEI和Pd(II)摩尔比为60∶4,自组装层数为5层时,复合催化膜有最佳的催化性能,其对对硝基苯酚的去除率能达到90%以上。     

Aircraft emissions and local air quality impacts from takeoff activities at a large International Airport

Real time number concentrations and size distributions of ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter <100 nm) and time integrated black carbon, PM_2.5 mass, and chemical species were studied at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and a background reference site. At LAX, data were collected at the blast fence (∼140 m from the takeoff position) and five downwind sites up to 600 m from the takeoff runway and upwind of the 405 freeway. Size distributions of UFPs collected at the blast fence site showed very high number concentrations, with the highest numbers found at a particle size of approximately 14 nm. The highest spikes in the time series profile of UFP number concentrations were correlated with individual aircraft takeoff. Measurements indicate a more than 100-fold difference in particle number concentrations between the highest spikes during takeoffs and the lowest concentrations when no takeoff is occurring. Total UFP counts exceeded 10⁷ particles cm⁻³ during some monitored takeoffs. Time averaged concentrations of PM_2.5 mass and two carbonyl compounds, formaldehyde and acrolein, were statistically elevated at the airport site relative to a background reference site. Peaks of 15 nm particles, associated with aircraft takeoffs, that occurred at the blast fence were matched with peaks observed 600 m downwind, with time lags of less than 1 min. The results of this study demonstrate that commercial aircraft at LAX emit large quantities of UFP at the lower end of currently measurable particle size ranges. The observed highly elevated UFP concentrations downwind of LAX associated with aircraft takeoff activities have significant exposure and possible health implications.     

长江口水体中重金属形态交换过程的研究

研究了重金属在水体中溶解态和颗粒态的含量分布,并以一个代表性水平剖面和垂直剖面分析了金属形态交换过程。其动态交换是,重金属由颗粒态沿水平方向交换时向溶解态转化,形态转化强度为Ｎｉ〉Ｆｅ〉Ｃｏ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｍｎ〉Ｐｂ;重金属的垂向交换过程,都是被铁锰（水合）氧化物及有机质吸附,向金属铁锰氧化物态转化,形态转化强度为Ｐｂ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｍｎ〉Ｆｅ〉Ｎｉ〉Ｃｏ,最后得出长江口海域金属污染程度及环境现状。     

Chemical composition and quantitative relationship between meteorological condition and fine particles in Beijing

The recent year‘s monitor results of Beijing indicated that the pollution level of fine particles PM2.5 showed an increasing trend. To understand pollution characteristics of PM2.5 and its relationship with the meteorological conditions in Beijing, a one-year monitoring of PM2.5 mass concentration and correspondent meteorological parameters was performed in Beijing in 2001. The PM2.5 levels in Beijing were very high, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2001 was 7 times of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards proposed by US EPA. The major chemical compositions were organics, sulfate, crustals and nitrate. It was found that the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were influenced by meteorological conditions. The correlation between the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and the relative humidity was found. And the correlation became closer at higher relative humidity. And the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were negtive-correlated to wind speeds, but the correlation between the mass concentration of PM2.5 and wind speed was not good at stronger wind.     

北京市典型地区大气可吸入颗粒物中汞的浓度水平和粒径分布

在北京市近郊和远郊区采集大气中可吸入颗粒物样品,分析其汞的浓度水平.结果表明,近郊大气可吸入颗粒物中汞的浓度高于远郊区,分别为1.28±1.30ng·m-3和0.79±0.68ng·m-3,而且冬、春两季的浓度明显高于夏、秋两季.可吸入颗粒物中的汞主要分布在细粒子中,且细粒子富集汞的能力较粗粒子强.     

太湖水体散射特性及其与悬浮物浓度关系模型

水体散射特性与水环境参数如悬浮颗粒及其浓度密切相关.利用Wetlabs公司研制的水体固有光学特性测量系统,于2006-10～2006-11对太湖水体的散射系数和后向散射系数进行了测量.在对水体散射特性分析的基础上,建立了太湖水体颗粒物后向散射系数的光谱模型.此外,利用后向散射率计算水体折射系数,根据折射系数的变化范围,将水中颗粒物的主导因子分为3种类型：①浮游植物主导;②无机颗粒物主导;③两者共同主导.在对散射系数与无机悬浮物、有机悬浮物、总悬浮物浓度相关性分析的基础上,针对颗粒物主导因子的不同,分别建立了散射系数与无机悬浮物浓度的乘幂关系模型.     

亚微米颗粒物和微米颗粒物中的铅在水稻叶片中的富集比较

叶片对大气颗粒物中铅的吸收富集会对水稻本身产生毒性效应,然而目前关于叶片对不同粒径颗粒物中铅富集能力的研究较少.因此,本研究采用叶片喷施等铅浓度飞灰颗粒物的方法,探讨水稻生长后期剑叶对亚微米颗粒物和微米颗粒物中铅的吸收作用,讨论不同粒径颗粒物中铅向叶片迁移的可能机制.结果表明,向水稻剑叶分别喷施等铅浓度的亚微米飞灰颗粒物和微米颗粒物后,亚微米颗粒物处理组的剑叶和稻米的铅含量均显著高于微米颗粒物处理组.亚微米颗粒物中的铅从叶片反面表皮向内扩散,富集在维管束中,并引起叶肉中铅含量的显著升高.相比之下,微米颗粒物处理组的铅向植物叶片内迁移扩散趋势较弱.基于铅同位素分析,亚微米颗粒物组飞灰源对叶肉中铅含量的贡献为80%,而微米颗粒物组飞灰源的贡献仅为31%～42%.亚微米颗粒物组铅在细胞质中的含量比例升高,由此产生的毒性作用会更大.因此,关注大气亚微米颗粒物中铅在水稻叶片的迁移富集具有一定的必要性.