广州大气总悬浮颗粒物中可提取有机物的分布及源析

采用N,O-双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)衍生化预处理和GC/MS分析技术,于2002~2003年对广州市大气气溶胶中的有机化合物进行了定量检测.结果表明,在广州市TSP样品中有机物的种类共分为9大类:烷烃、多环芳烃、酯类、正烷醇、酚类、酸类、甾类、二萜类、糖类化合物.在总定性有机化合物中,酸类(24.65%~40.38%)化合物的百分含量最高,其次为糖类(15.57%~36.18%).全年样品中最丰富的脂肪酸为正十六酸、正十八酸,高碳数脂肪酸(>C20)含量最高的酸是正二十四酸.广州市二元羧酸的浓度以冬季最高,气象条件(风向、雨水和逆温)是影响二元羧酸浓度变化的主要因素.利用分子标志物可以讨论源解析和源贡献,化石燃料对有机质的贡献率最高(平均值为64.28%),其次为植物蜡脂质 (平均值为10.99%)和生物质燃烧(平均值为8.58%).     

不同粒径大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量及分布特征

采集了北京城乡结合部与郊区2003年4个季节的不同粒径大气颗粒物样品 ,运用GC/MS分析了其多环芳烃组成 .结果表明 ,17种PAHs总量为 0.84～15.223ng/m³,城乡结合部含量是郊区的1.07～6.60倍 .PAHs总量的季节性变化表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,且随颗粒物粒径减小,含量逐渐增大,大约有68.4%～84.7%的PAHs吸附在≤2.0μm颗粒上.2～3环PAHs呈双峰型分布,4～6环PAHs呈单峰型分布 ,PAHs分子量越大 ,MMD值越小 ,燃煤取暖与低温是导致冬季PAHs污染增高的主要因素.     

北京市冬春季大气颗粒物的粒径分布及消光作用

2004年1─5月,在北京市区连续监测了大气环境中ρ(PM₁₀₎,ρ(PM_2.5),ρ(PM₁)和ρ(TSP),以及大气能见度、地面气象要素.结果表明:春节期间颗粒物中细粒子所占的比例较高,ρ(PM₁)/ρ(PM_2.5)为0.81,ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP)为0.61;而沙尘期其值分别为0.55和0.28.不同粒径的颗粒物质量浓度均呈在明显日变化,其夜间浓度峰值高于早晨交通繁忙时段.根据经验公式,将大气能见度换算为大气消光系数,并导出颗粒物消光系数.结果表明:颗粒物消光系数与颗粒物质量浓度呈显著正相关.进一步定义了颗粒物质量浓度消光比(CE_P),用来表征颗粒物的污染特征.统计分析结果表明:当CE_P<103时,颗粒物质量浓度很低,PM_2.5所占比例较高,代表了有利于污染扩散的气象条件;当CE_P>167,颗粒物质量浓度高,但细粒子比(ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀₎)稳定在0.5～0.7,湿度也稳定在20%～50%,代表了不利于污染扩散的气象条件.      

Application of sediment quality guidelines in the assessment and management of contaminated surficial sediments in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), Australia

Sediments in the Port Jackson estuary are polluted by a wide range of toxicants and concentrations are among the highest reported for any major harbor in the world. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), developed by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States are used to estimate possible adverse biological effects of sedimentary contaminants in Port Jackson to benthic animals. The NOAA guidelines indicate that Pb, Zn, DDD, and DDE are the most likely contaminants to cause adverse biological effects in Port Jackson. On an individual chemical basis, the detrimental effects due to these toxicants may occur over extensive areas of the harbor, i.e., about 40%, 30%, 15% and 50%, respectively. The NOAA SQGs can also be used to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity for contaminant mixtures by determining the number of contaminants exceeding an upper guideline value (effects range medium, or ERM), which predicts probable adverse biological effects. The exceedence approach is used in the current study to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity and to prioritize the harbour in terms of possible adverse effects on sediment-dwelling animals. Approximately 1% of the harbor is mantled with sediment containing more than ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM concentrations and, based on NOAA data, these sediments have an 80% probability of being toxic. Sediment with six to ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM guidelines extend over approximately 4% of the harbor and have a 57% probability of toxicity. These areas are located in the landward reaches of embayments in the upper and central harbor in proximity to the most industrialised and urbanized part of the catchment. Sediment in a further 17% of the harbor has between one and five exceedences and has a 32% probability of being toxic. The application of SQGs developed by NOAA has not been tested outside North America, and the validity of using them in Port Jackson has yet to be demonstrated. The screening approach adopted here is to use SQGs to identify contaminants of concern and to determine areas of environmental risk. The practical application and management implications of the results of this investigation are discussed.     

Transport of Sewage Sludge in a Mixed Water Column

Sewage sludge from four publicly-owned treatment works was sampled and characterized in terms of parameters affecting transport at the 106-mile deep ocean disposal site as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency's site monitoring programme. Samples from treatment plants in Passaic Valley, Rahway, and Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City were characterized in terms of dynamic size distribution, suspended solids and density. the transport characteristics of sludge particles were measured using a 2 metre computer-interfaced laboratory settling column. Experiments were conducted at constant salinity (35 ppt) while varying hydrodynamic mixing, sludge type and concentration using a modified factorial experimental design. Hydrodynamic power dissipation was varied so that the vertical dispersion and rms fluid shear rate ranged between 0-6 cm²S^-1 and 0-30s^-1 respectively. Results indicate that at least 80% of suspended sludge particles will eventually settle under mixed conditions. the average settling velocities ranged between 0.05-4.05 × 10^-3 cm ^s-1. Shear rates above 15 s^-1 inhibited sludge settling due to aggregate breakup and boundary effects, but at a lower shear rate, differential settling and fluid shear were the dominant transport mechanisms. Sludge dilution (1/500-1/5000) had a limited effect on the settling rate. Results from this study can be used to calibrate particle transport models to determine the fate of sludge disposed at an ocean disposal site.     

On the Size Dependence of Particle Deposition

Measurements of dry deposition ofparticles 0.1 to 1.0 m diameter to forest bythroughfall and eddy correlation methods giveresults of 1.0 cm s^-1 or more, whilemechanistic models do not explain values greaterthan about 1 mm s^-1. Results of othermethods involving radioactive tracers arerecalled. These data indicate values of about 5 mm s^-1. The possibility of additionalmechanisms, omitted from the models, is difficultto exclude, but much of the remaining discrepancymay be due to the wide size distribution of theadventitious radioactive tracers in the atmosphere.     

大气颗粒物和降水化学特征的相互关系

分别于2007年在泰安市郊区和深圳市郊区采集了大气颗粒物并同时对降水进行了分级采样,通过降水过程中降水化学特征的变化和降水前后颗粒物浓度和化学组成的改变,讨论了云下冲刷过程中大气颗粒物对降水化学组分的贡献和降水对颗粒物的去除作用.泰安降水雨量加权pH为5.97,总可溶解离子浓度为1 187.96μeq.L-1,PM10的质量浓度为131.76μg/m3,PM2.5为103.84μg/m3.深圳降水雨量加权pH为4.72,总可溶解成分离子浓度为175.89μeq.L-1,PM10的质量浓度为56.66μg/m3,PM2.5为41.52μg/m3.泰安和深圳降水过程中pH和离子浓度都逐渐降低,冲刷过程主要是中和作用.泰安和深圳降水中Na+和Ca2+的去除效率较高,NH4+和NO3-去除效率较低.两地降水化学性质的差别取决于云水酸度、大气颗粒物性质和大气中酸碱性气体差别的共同作用.降水对大气颗粒物质量浓度、离子组分和元素组分都有显著清除作用.     

多分散颗粒悬浊液声传播衰减模型研究

利用Bouguer-Lambert-Beer-Law理论,推导出了多分散颗粒悬浊液声传播衰减模型,并在实验室利用配制的玻璃微珠和二氧化钛悬浊液进行了5个频率下的声衰减测量.结果与衰减模型进行的数值模拟吻合.通过对渤海某淤积港口的声衰减测量验证,该模型同样适用于浑浊海域的声传播衰减计算.这对于浑浊海域的声纳探测和设计具有重要的工程价值.     

Extraction of 17p-estradiol in water using non-imprinted polymer submicron particles in membrane filters

17β-Estradiol (E2) is an endocrine disrupting chemical of harm to both animals and human beings at a low concentration level (ng/L).It cannot be completely removed by wastewater treatments,and is often detected in both environment and drinking waters.The purpose of this feasibility study,towards environmental engineering in the field of water analysis and treatment,was to remove E2 by extraction using non-imprinted polymer (NIP) submicron particles.Experimental results showed that 0.5 mg/L of E2 could be completely extracted by adding 10 mg of NIP particles directly into 10 mL of water.However,the extraction efficiency decreased to 64% for 100 mL of water.prefilling the NIP particles inside a membrane filter showed a potential for water treatment of a large volume,requiring no effort to distribute the particles uniformly in the water.High extraction efficiency (80±10)% for E2 was achieved for 100 mL of water.A total mass of 0.29 mg E2 was extracted from 1000 mL of water containing 0.8 mg/L E2 (by using only 10 mg of NIP particles).Both efficiency and mass capacity can be increased,by scaling up the amount of NIP particles,towards environmental engineering applications.     

Use of coupling agents to stabilize asphalt–rubber–gravel composite to improve its mechanical properties

The mechanical performance of rubber-modified asphalt roads depends, besides the intrinsic properties of the constituents (asphalt, rubber and gravel), on their interfaces. To improve the adhesion between constituents, two different coupling agents were required: one to link asphalt with the rubber particles to stabilize the composite creating an elastic network in the interior of the material to improve its elastic recovery, and other to increase the adhesion between the hydrophobic asphalt and the hydrophilic gravel. A phenolic resin was used to link the rubber particles with the asphalt, while a switterionic molecule (phosphatidyl-choline) was used to change the OH groups on the gravel surface by hydrocarbon chains to make it compatible with the asphalt.