Influences of sediment dessication on phosphorus transformations in an intertidal marsh: formation and release of phosphine

This study investigated the effects of sediment dewatering on the phosphorus transformations concerning about the production and emission of phosphine in the intertidal marsh of the Yangtze Estuary. The concentrations of matrix-bound phosphine ranged from 18.62-72.53 ng kg⁻¹ and 31.14-61.22 ng kg⁻¹ within the August and January exposure incubations, respectively. The responses of matrix-bound phosphine concentrations to sediment dessication demonstrate that the production (or accumulation) of matrix-bound phosphine significantly increased with water loss at the start of the emersion incubations. However, further dehydration inhibited the formation of matrix-bound phosphine in sediments. The significant correlations of matrix-bound phosphine with the organic-P bacteria abundance and alkaline phosphatase activities implicate that the production of matrix-bound phosphine within the dessication incubations was linked closely to the microbial decomposition of organic P. The emissions of phosphine generally decreased with sediment dewatering, with the fluxes of 7.51-96.73 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ and 5.34-77.74 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ over the exposure incubations of both August and January, respectively. Also, it is observed that the releases of phosphine during the entire exposure periods were affected not only by its production but also by sediment water and redox conditions.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of metals in surface sediment of an urban estuary

Aquatic pollution by metals is of concern because of various toxic effects to marine life. The Tolka Estuary, Co. Dublin, Ireland, is a typical Irish urban estuary. It has a significant metal loading originating from the urban environment. Results of a 25month analysis of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc spatial and temporal distribution over 10 sample locations in this estuary are presented in this paper. Metal concentrations were analysed using differential pulse polarography. Significant seasonal and spatial trends in metal distribution were observed over the 25months. Sediment metal concentrations gradually increased (30-120%) in spring to a maximum at the end of summer which was followed by a decrease in winter months (30-60%). Sediment organic matter (OM) concentrations exhibited similar seasonal trends and a positive correlation between OM and metal distributions was observed, implying OM had an influence on metal distributions over time.     

Tracking historical lead pollution in the coastal area adjacent to the Yangtze River Estuary using lead isotopic compositions

The rapid economic development in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China in the last three decades has had a significant impact on the environment of the East China Sea (ECS). Lead isotopic compositions of a ²¹⁰Pb dated sediment core collected from the coastal ECS adjacent to the Yangtze River Estuary were analyzed to track the Pb pollution in the region. The baseline Pb concentration in the coastal ECS sediments before the industrialization in China was 32 μg g⁻¹, and the corresponding ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio was 1.195. The high-resolution profiles of Pb flux and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios had close relationships with the economic development and the history of the use of leaded gasoline in China, and they were clearly different from those of most European countries and United States.     

环境因子对长江口潮滩沉积物中NH+4的释放影响

以长江口潮滩沉积物湿样进行模拟实验,研究盐度、pH和温度等环境因子对沉积物中NH₄+释放的影响.结果表明,随着盐度和温度的上升,沉积物中NH₄+释放量都显著增加;由于潮滩沉积物缓冲性能较好,pH的影响不太明显.此外,NH₄+的释放与沉积物类型有关,沙性物质含量高的低潮滩沉积物NH₄+的释放量明显低于沙性物质低的高、中潮滩沉积物.      

长江口及邻近水域富营养化现状及变化趋势的评价与分析

根据2000～2002年6个航次的调查资料,分析研究了长江口及邻近水域富营养化现状及其变化趋势。研究结果表明,长江口及邻近水域营养盐含量十分丰富,平均56％水域无机氮含量已超过海水水质四类标准,磷酸盐也有40％以上已达到或超过海水水质四类标准。基于20个监测点有机污染指数（E值）和富营养化指数（A值）的计算结果,发现长江口及邻近水域从西向东、从北向南污染程度逐步降低;同时根据多年平均的A值划分,大约60％水域已达到重污染水平,受轻度和中度污染的水域均为20％左右。     

退化过程中翅碱蓬湿地营养元素变化特征研究

在双台子河口选取4块样地,分别代表恢复中、长势良好、退化严重的翅碱蓬湿地和裸露的光滩,于2009年6月、2009年9月、2010年4月(代表夏季,秋季,春季)分别采集表层土壤与植物样品。通过对翅碱蓬生物量、N、P、有机质含量及土壤N、P、有机质含量的测定,分析了翅碱蓬湿地退化过程中土壤及植物营养元素的变化规律。结果表明:春季各种类型翅碱蓬湿地土壤的有机质(分别为1.88%、1.89%、1.19%、1.13%)和总磷(分别为496.30、498.75、435.97、404.57 mg/kg)含量顺序为:长势良好≈光滩>退化中>恢复中,同该类型湿地的演替顺序一致,说明湿地的退化导致土壤C、P素大量损失。翅碱蓬湿地的退化引起翅碱蓬植株生长状态的变化,导致同一种湿地植物植株中N、P、有机质含量在不同退化类型湿地中的分布存在明显差异,说明湿地的退化,已经明显的影响到N、P、有机质的生物地球化学循环。     

近地面层湍流通量输送相似性及相干结构特征

利用2018年广东省环珠江口气候环境与空气质量变化野外科学观测研究站70 m气象塔上涡动协方差系统连续观测资料,对不同大气稳定度条件下近地面层相干结构的统计特征及其对湍流通量相似性的影响进行了初步研究.结果表明：(1)无量纲风速标准差(稳定、不稳定)和气温标准差(不稳定)遵循莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;(2)湍流速度(u、v、w)谱、温度(T)谱、CO₂和H₂O浓度谱在惯性副区均满足-2/3定律.w-T协谱、垂直速度(w)与标量(CO₂、H₂O)浓度的协谱(w-CO₂、w-H₂O)在惯性副区遵循-4/3定律;(3)不稳定条件下,热力湍流对H₂O和CO₂标量具有很好的输送作用,而以动量通量输送为代表的机械作用在弱不稳定条件下对H₂O和CO₂的输送效果最好;(4)上冲和下扫运动对湍流通量输送起主导作用,且随湍涡尺度的变化略有差异,湍流通量输送对大气层结的依赖性较弱.     

海陆风环流中海盐气溶胶对大气影响的模拟

采用WRF-CMAQ模式对2013年9月9~13日珠江口一次典型海陆风过程进行数值模拟,并进一步探讨了在此类型环流系统下,海盐气溶胶及其对大气环境的影响.结果表明：珠江口附近海风环流一般在14：00左右开始形成,17：00左右发展最旺盛,且在珠江口沿岸形成扇形风系.在海陆风环流影响下,珠江三角洲地区陆地上Na⁺浓度从17：00开始增加,次日02：00左右达到最大,10：00以后开始下降.海盐气溶胶存在明显的氯亏损现象,其中白天的氯亏损情况远比晚上严重,细粒径的氯亏损情况比粗粒径严重.设置有无海盐气溶胶排放的敏感性试验进行对比研究发现：考虑海盐排放后,珠江口地区HCl,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-的浓度均有增加,其中,HCl和NO₃^-的增加较多,SO₄^2-较少.HCl浓度增加的高值在Cl^-高值之前;SO₄^2-浓度变化主要受海盐气溶胶排放中的硫酸盐组分影响;NO₃^-浓度变化则主要受氯亏损机制和NO₃^-干沉降过程共同影响.     

人工替代栖息地对长江口湿地的补充作用研究

利用恢复生态学和景观生态学原理构建人工替代栖息地是恢复和重建生物栖息地环境的重要手段之一,是用于滨海河口区修复或重建滩涂湿地等栖息地的一种替代方法。人工替代栖息地构建出了接近自然原貌的人工系统,创造一种湿地植被和湿地动物可以协调共存的生境,不仅可以为鸟类资源和渔业资源提供良好的栖息环境,其中多样化组合的植被群落在滨水景观、水质净化等方面也起到了重要的作用,对长江口自然湿地的恢复和自然保护区的动态管理具有不可忽视的补充作用。在迁徙鸟类重要中转驿站,珍稀或者经济鱼类的洄游通道,特殊价值的重要湿地景观格局以及水资源战略储备区域中布局人工替代栖息地,可以发挥其对长江口湿地的补充作用,使高度开放而又极为敏感的长江河口地区循着生态健康道路发展。     

长江口沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险特征

基于长江口沉积物8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)总量与形态在丰、平、枯水期以及14个典型点位的分布特征,通过平衡分配法建立了长江口沉积物质量基准(SQGs),并以此评价长江口沉积物重金属生态风险,揭示重金属生态风险与其形态特征间的相关关系.结果表明,除Cd之外,长江口沉积物重金属以残渣态为主导形态,尤其是As、Cr、Hg,其残渣态含量均为90%以上.长江口As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的沉积物质量基准分别为43.29、0.672、79.65、19.08、0.569、339.09、30.87、411.36μg·g~(-1).Cu的生态风险程度最高,对水生生物具有较大的毒性影响,应当引起重视.河口上游受到长江径流影响大,在丰水期风险较高,在平水期和枯水期则风险偏低;而下游受上海等城市排污影响较大,风险较高(尤其在平水期和枯水期).8种重金属的生态风险与赋存形态之间表现出3种不同的相关关系.