桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）的抑制作用及其化学基础研究

摘要：探讨了托里桉(Eucalyptus torelliana)、尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)、窿缘桉(Eucalyptus exserta)等3种桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）生长的影响,并对其抑制赤潮藻类生长的化学基础进行了初步研究,以期为新除藻剂的筛选提供参考和依据。结果表明,不同桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,托里桉木粉的抑藻作用明显强于尾叶桉和窿缘桉。灭菌与非灭菌托里桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用差别不大,提示细菌等微生物并非木粉抑藻的主要原因。不同溶剂粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,丙酮-水粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯、甲醇和水粗提物。进一步将丙酮-水粗提物分成A、B、C和D等4个组分,比较不同组分的抑藻活性。结果发现,丙酮-水粗提物中D组分的抑藻作用最强。该组分浓度为3 mg/L时,3 d时对塔玛亚历山大藻的去除率可达81.06 %。GC-MS分析表明,D组分中含有4-羟基-3,5,6-三甲基,1-4[(1z)-3-氧代-1-丁烯基]-2-环已烯酮和4,4,7a–三甲基,5,6,7,7a-四氢-2(4H)-苯并呋喃酮等酮类物质。这些结果表明,托里桉木粉可显著抑制赤潮藻的生长,其中存在的酮类化感物质可能是其抑制藻类生长的主要原因。     

Complementary Roles of Home Gardens and Exotic Tree Plantations as Alternative Habitats for Plants of the Ethiopian Montane Rainforest

Abstract:  Many tropical forests have been converted for agri- or silviculture or a combination of both (agroforestry). Conservation at a landscape scale requires an understanding of the distribution and abundance of native biodiversity in these converted natural ecosystems, of which the knowledge is especially poor for African agroecosystems. We compared species density and species composition of four plant groups (trees and shrubs, epiphytic vascular plants, mosses, and liverworts) among three arboreal land-use types in southwestern Ethiopia (montane rainforest fragments, shade-tree coffee home gardens, and exotic tree plantations). Species density was significantly higher in forests than in coffee home gardens for all plant groups and in exotic tree plantations for all groups except mosses. Home gardens had more vascular epiphytic species than plantations, whereas the reverse was true for mosses and liverworts. The species composition of the forest plots was sometimes more similar to home-garden plots than plantation plots and sometimes vice versa. Fifteen forest plots had, however, cumulatively more species than a random selection of 15 nonforest (coffee home garden and plantation) plots, even if the 2 plot types complemented each other in terms of habitats for forest plants. Tree plantations dominated by Eucalyptus had many small trees and shrubs in common with forests, whereas plantations with Cupressus were important substrates for forests mosses and liverworts. Our results illustrate the importance of undisturbed forests habitats for conservation of species at a landscape scale and that different human-made land-use types may complement each other in their capacity as additional habitats for forest species.     

A comparison of four process-based models and a statistical regression model to predict growth of Eucalyptus globulus plantations

In forest management and ecological research, consideration of the impacts and risks of climate change or management optimisation is complex. Computer models have long been applied as tools for these tasks. Process-based forest growth models claim to overcome the limitations of empirical statistical models, but the capacity of different process-based models and modelling approaches have rarely been compared directly. This study evaluates stepwise multiple regression models in comparison to four process-based modelling approaches (3-PG, 3-PG+, CABALA and Forest-DNDC) for greenfield predictions of Eucalyptus globulus plantation growth from 2 to 8 years after planting throughout southern Australia.     

尾叶桉营养元素动态和循环分析

在福建平和天马林场，对尾叶桉生长过程中营养元素的动态变化进行了为期5a的研究。结果表明，尾叶桉平均每年胸径增长2.46cm，树高增长2.50m，枝，叶，干（干村和干皮）和根中5种主要营养元素的总量（N＋P＋K＋Ca Mg)分别为17.11gKg^-1，33．38gKg^-1，9．66gKg^-1和12．75gKg^-1，平均每年吸收5种主要营养元素量338．31kghm^-2a^-1,平均每年纯吸收5种主要营养元素量188．21hm^-2a^-1，平均每年归还5种主要营养元素量150．10hm^-2a^-1，平均循环率为44．37％。表4参6     

A condition metric for Eucalyptus woodland derived from expert evaluations

The evaluation of ecosystem quality is important for land‐management and land‐use planning. Evaluation is unavoidably subjective, and robust metrics must be based on consensus and the structured use of observations. We devised a transparent and repeatable process for building and testing ecosystem metrics based on expert data. We gathered quantitative evaluation data on the quality of hypothetical grassy woodland sites from experts. We used these data to train a model (an ensemble of 30 bagged regression trees) capable of predicting the perceived quality of similar hypothetical woodlands based on a set of 13 site variables as inputs (e.g., cover of shrubs, richness of native forbs). These variables can be measured at any site and the model implemented in a spreadsheet as a metric of woodland quality. We also investigated the number of experts required to produce an opinion data set sufficient for the construction of a metric. The model produced evaluations similar to those provided by experts, as shown by assessing the model's quality scores of expert‐evaluated test sites not used to train the model. We applied the metric to 13 woodland conservation reserves and asked managers of these sites to independently evaluate their quality. To assess metric performance, we compared the model's evaluation of site quality with the managers’ evaluations through multidimensional scaling. The metric performed relatively well, plotting close to the center of the space defined by the evaluators. Given the method provides data‐driven consensus and repeatability, which no single human evaluator can provide, we suggest it is a valuable tool for evaluating ecosystem quality in real‐world contexts. We believe our approach is applicable to any ecosystem.     

施氮强度对不同土壤有机碳水平桉树林温室气体通量的影响

施氮或氮沉降对土壤温室气体通量影响已有比较深入的研究,但施氮对不同有机碳水平的土壤温室气体通量影响及其差异的研究较少.本研究以我国南方广泛种植的桉树人工林为对象,采用野外控制实验和室内分析,比较研究4种施氮处理(对照C:0 kg·hm-2;低氮L:84.2 kg·hm-2;中氮M:166.8 kg·hm-2;高氮H:333.7 kg·hm-2)对土壤有机碳水平存在显著性差异的2块桉树林样地土壤-大气界面温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)通量的影响.结果表明:1施氮对CO2和N2O排放通量有明显"激发效应",氮肥施用一个月后各个施氮处理土壤CO2和N2O排放通量出现最大值,随着时间推移至生长季后期CO2和N2O排放通量逐渐降低,差异逐渐缩小.施氮对CH4吸收通量的影响不显著(P>0.05).2施氮强度和土壤有机碳水平均显著促进了CO2和N2O排放(P<0.001),但对CH4吸收没有显著影响(P>0.05);高土壤有机碳水平样地CO2和N2O排放通量显著高于低水平土壤有机碳样地(P<0.01).3施氮和土壤有机碳水平对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05).与低土壤有机碳水平样地比较,高土壤有机碳水平样地CO2和N2O排放通量对施氮更为敏感:低氮水平就能显著促进CO2和N2O的排放.上述结果表明:施氮对桉树林温室气体排放通量的影响既与施氮强度有关,也与土壤有机碳水平密切相关.估算不同施氮水平下的温室气体通量变化时,由土壤有机碳不同带来的温室气体通量差异不可忽视.     

不同土壤水分条件下三个速生用材树种幼树的耗水特性比较

试验采用盆栽控水的方法,分析、比较了巨桉、竹柳和桤木3个速生用材树种幼树在3种水分条件下(土壤含水量分别保持在田间持水量的85%~80%、55%~50%、35%~30%)的耗水特性。结果表明:①相同天气和水分条件下,蒸腾速率、各时段耗水量、日耗水量和总耗水量绝大多数均表现为巨桉>竹柳>桤木;②相同处理下,巨桉与竹柳的日耗水速率并无显著差异(P>0.05),但都明显高于桤木;③巨桉明显较大的整株叶面积及其在水分亏缺时采取的不同避旱策略是其耗水量高于其它2个树种的重要原因;④树木的耗水能力是与其同化能力、生长速率密切相关的,随土壤含水量下降,各树种的净光合速率、叶面积、株高和地径生长量下降,蒸腾耗水也随之降低,但巨桉同化与耗水能力更不易受到干旱的影响;⑤巨桉和竹柳更适宜于在雨量充沛且季节分布均匀的地区发展,而在水分不足或季节性干旱频繁的地区则适合发展耗水量最小的桤木。     

典范相关分析在桉树人工林地土壤酶活性与营养元素关系研究中的应用

运用典范相关分析（canonical correlation analysis)对桉树人工林地土壤酶活性和土壤营养元素含量关系的研究表明,土壤过氧化氢酶,脲酶和蛋白酶活性与土壤营养元素N,P,K含量关系最大,其中地氧化氢酶与桉树土壤K听转化,K的固定关系密切,对土壤中主要营养物质N素的转化具有重要作用,脲酶的活性同桉树土壤N,P的转化关系密切,蛋白酶促进土壤对植物氮源的供给,而转化酶与P的转化也有一定相关,Zn在一定程度上对转化酶有正效庆,即有促进作用。结合林地生物的生长特征等因子,“综合土壤酶因子”可作为土壤肥力评价的一个生物学指标。图2表4参16     

湖南耐寒桉树优良单株组培研究

本研究以湖南省林业技术推广总站在湖南选育的17个耐寒桉树优良单株为试验材料,进行组培繁殖,有14个优良单株成功地诱导出了愈伤组织或芽。结果表明,以一年生扦插苗的当年生嫩枝作为外植体来源,污染率低且愈伤组织和芽的诱导率高;0.25％氯化汞消毒15—20分钟,可将污染率控制在70％以下,且对外植体的损害最小;按树最佳的诱导培养基为:1/2MS+BA_(1.0)+IBA_(0.25),最佳的继代培基为:MS+BA_(1.0)+KT_(1.0)+VB2_(10)。     

不同磷水平对不同种源尾叶桉的生长和养分吸收的影响

选定4个尾叶桉种源在不同的施P水平下盆栽，研究它们之间在生长和P、N吸收上的遗传差异．结果显示：施P肥对尾叶桉4个种源的生长高度、生物量积累、P及N吸收有着明显的作用，种源之间在上述指标上也有着明显的差异．在低P和高P施肥条件下，这种差异不明显，最大差异出现在土壤P的临界供给范围内（每kg土壤施15－20mg的P）．施P肥还会改变苗木地上部分和地下部分的干重之比、地上部分和地下部分的P、N吸收量之比．