Insights into sludge granulation during anaerobic treatment of high-strength leachate via a full-scale IC reactor with external circulation system

In this study, a full-scale internal circulation(IC) reactor coupled with an external circulation system was developed to treat high-strength leachate from a municipal solid waste(MSW)incineration plant, in which anaerobic sludge granulation was intensively investigated. Results showed that the IC reactor achieved excellent treatment performance under high organic loading rates(OLR) of 21.06–25.16 kg chemical oxygen demand(COD)/(m3? day). The COD removal efficiency and biogas yield respectively reached 89.4%–93.4% and 0.42–0.50 m3/kg COD.The formation of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was closely associated with sludge granulation. Protein was the dominant component in sludge EPS, and its content was remarkably increased from 21.6 to 99.7 mg/g Volatile Suspended Solid(VSS) during the reactor operation. The sludge Zeta potential and hydrophobicity positively correlated with the protein/polysaccharide ratio in EPS, and they were respectively increased from-26.2 m V and 30.35% to-10.6 m V and 78.67%, which was beneficial to microbial aggregation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy(3 D-EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis further indicated the importance of protein-like EPS substances in the sludge granulation. Moreover, it was also found that the secondary structures of EPS proteins varied during the reactor operation.     

Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana

Sub-Saharan Africa is large and diverse with regions of food insecurity and high vulnerability to climate change. This project quantifies carbon stocks and fluxes in the humid forest zone of Ghana, as a part of an assessment in West Africa. The General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) was used to simulate the responses of natural and managed systems to projected scenarios of changes in climate, land use and cover, and nitrogen fertilization in the Assin district of Ghana. Model inputs included historical land use and cover data, historical climate records and projected climate changes, and national management inventories. Our results show that deforestation for crop production led to a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 33% from 1900 to 2000. The results also show that the trend of carbon emissions from cropland in the 20th century will continue through the 21st century and will be increased under the projected warming and drying scenarios. Nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural systems could offset SOC loss by 6% with 30 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and by 11% with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. To increase N fertilizer input would be one of the vital adaptive measures to ensure food security and maintain agricultural sustainability through the 21st century.     

Cover crop effects on nitrous oxide emission from a manure-treated Mollisol

Agriculture contributes 40–60% of the total annual N₂O emissions to the atmosphere. Development of management practices to reduce these emissions would have a significant impact on greenhouse gas levels. Non-leguminous cover crops are efficient scavengers of residual soil NO₃, thereby reducing leaching losses. However, the effect of a grass cover crop on N₂O emissions from soil receiving liquid swine manure has not been evaluated. This study investigated: (i) the temporal patterns of N₂O emissions following addition of swine manure slurry in a laboratory setting under fluctuating soil moisture regimes; (ii) assessed the potential of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop to decrease N₂O emissions under these conditions; and (iii) quantified field N₂O emissions in response to either spring applied urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or different rates of fall-applied liquid swine manure, in the presence or absence of a rye/oat winter cover crop. Laboratory experiments investigating cover crop effects N₂O emissions were performed in a controlled environment chamber programmed for a 14 h light period, 18 °C day temperature, and 15 °C night temperature. Treatments with or without a living rye cover crop were treated with either: (i) no manure; (ii) a phosphorus-based manure application rate (low manure): or (iii) a nitrogen-based manure application rate (high manure). We observed a significant reduction in N₂O emissions in the presence of the rye cover crop. Field experiments were performed on a fine-loamy soil in Central Iowa from October 12, 2005 to October 2, 2006. We observed no significant effect of the cover crop on cumulative N₂O emissions in the field. The primary factor influencing N₂O emission was N application rate, regardless of form or timing. The response of N₂O emission to N additions was non-linear, with progressively more N₂O emitted with increasing N application. These results indicate that while cover crops have the potential to reduce N₂O emissions, N application rate may be the overriding factor.     

氮肥品种及施肥方式对小白菜产量与品质的影响

氮肥在农业生产中起着重要的作用,但是氮肥的大量施用不仅造成养分比例失调及环境污染,而且会限制产量的提高和品质的改善。针对广东蔬菜氮肥施用不合理的现象,在田间试验条件下研究了不同氮肥品种和不同底追比对小白菜产量和营养品质的影响,旨在为华南地区的蔬菜施用氮肥提供参考。试验结果表明,施氮极显著提高了小白菜的生物量和产量,亦增加了硝酸盐的累积量,其中尿素处理增产效果最好,蔬菜专用肥(磷铵 尿素)处理小白菜硝酸盐累积量最低,其次是碳酸氢铵和氯化铵处理。各氮肥处理间Vc和可溶性糖含量差异达到极显著水平,其中蔬菜专用肥处理含量最高;不同底、追肥处理间产量和Vc含量的差异达到显著或极显著水平,而可溶性糖含量差异未达到显著水平。除底肥70%、追肥30%的处理外,其余处理均极显著提高了硝酸盐含量。在本试验条件下,蔬菜专用肥既可以提高小白菜产量,又可以明显改善小白菜营养品质与卫生品质,如果以尿素为氮源,底肥70%、追肥30%是兼顾产量和品质的优化处理。     

Anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial waste enriched with bovine bone meal for improved biogas production and biofertilization

The increase in animal and agro-industrial production must be accompanied by the development of appropriate waste and by-product management strategies. Anaerobic digestion is a promising approach to recycle these wastes and reintegrate them into the economic production cycle of biogas and biofertilizer. In order to improve the performance of the anaerobic mesophilic digestion of abundant agro-industrial wastes constituted by potato peel (PP), and poultry waste (PW) and study the contribution of bovine bone meal (BB) as additive rich in phosphorus, which can help to neutralize the acidity of the substrate. The 10-point simplex-centroid design and the isoresponse surfaces strategy were used. This study demonstrated that in mesophilic bio-digestion, the using bovine bones in admixture with agroindustrial residue provided for the proper balance of chemical components required for proliferation of microbiological agent of bioconversion, which also resulted in an increase in biogas production capacity. The best formula was so composed by 66.67% bovine bone, 16.67% potatoes peel, and 16.67% poultry waste. The stability was achieved here after only 12 days. The digestate generated from it was fulfilled with the microbiological and chemical requirements for safety defined by the NF U44-551 standard. Germination test revealed that this optimal produced digestate, did not hinder growth, in fact, almost 85% of seed was germinated. Finally, fertilization experiments prove that this digestate can boost the growth of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum).     

动物粪便施肥措施促进耐药基因在粪便-土壤-蔬菜之间的散播

耐药基因（antibiotic resistant gene,ARG）在动物粪肥施用的土壤中被越来越多地检出,已经引起了人们对公共安全的担忧,但目前关于动物粪便施肥对蔬菜内生菌中耐药基因的影响尚不清楚.因此,本研究利用高通量定量PCR技术,探讨鸡粪肥施用对土壤、苦菊根和叶片中内生细菌菌群和耐药基因谱的影响.研究结果发现,鸡粪肥的施用不仅增加了土壤和苦菊根内生菌中ARG的数量,而且增加了土壤、苦菊根和叶片中内生菌的ARG丰度.相关性分析显示,土壤菌群和苦菊内生菌中ARG谱与细菌菌群组成密切相关,主要涉及变形杆菌纲、酸杆菌纲、放线菌纲和蓝藻细菌纲等细菌菌群.此外,苦菊内生菌与土壤菌群之间存在共有的ARG,表明土壤-苦菊之间存在耐药基因的内部传播.综上所述,鸡粪肥施用会通过粪便-土壤-植物路径增加蔬菜内生菌中ARG的多样性和丰度.     

湖北省油菜测土配方施肥下N2O减排潜力估算

以油菜种植大省-湖北省为案例地,在分析农田氮肥施用与油菜籽产量的基础上,依据氮肥利用率变化,估算测土配方施肥技术在湖北省全面推广的情况下,带来的N2O减排潜力.结果表明,在湖北省油菜种植中,测土配方施肥技术的推广将带来646.32ktCO2-eq的理论减排.以2012年湖北省油菜测土配方推广情况为基础,进一步全面实施该项技术,将产生173.91ktCO2-eq的减排量,占油菜种植因氮肥使用而产生的N2O排放总量的13.98%.测土配方施肥通过优化营养元素配比,提高油菜氮肥利用效率,是一项控制与减少农业N2O排放、减少氮素在环境中盈余量的有效措施.     

不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响

为了探索培育高产粮田的施肥模式,实现氮肥资源的高效利用与环境效益,以华北平原的小麦（Triticum aestivum）-玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作体系作为研究对象,通过2007─2011年4个轮作季,探讨不同的施肥模式对作物产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验以处理A（当地传统管理）作为对照,从测土确定施肥量、按作物生长发育明确施肥时期、合理分配各时期的养分配比及增施有机肥等方面改变传统施肥模式,设置3种高产施肥培育模式,分别为处理B（现有高产田推荐管理）、处理C（高肥料投入管理）和处理D（水肥高效管理）,进行田间小区试验。4个轮作季的总产量以处理D为最高,达75430 kg·hm-2,其次是处理C为75166 kg·hm-2,当地传统的产量最低。冬小麦季的吸氮量为处理C和D显著高于A处理,分别高出444.78 kg·hm-2和310.20 kg·hm-2,但与处理B无显著差异;处理D在夏玉米季的吸氮量为776.75 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A。处理B的氮肥偏生产力值最高为38.21,处理D为36.71,处理A和C均为28.33。各处理经过4个轮作季后,土壤硝态氮均在120-160 cm出现累积峰,A、B、C和D的硝态氮峰值分别为58.65、28.98、105.89、45.29 mg·kg-1。在0-100cm土层,处理B的硝态氮累积量达到144.22 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A、C、D;所有处理在100-200 cm土层均出现较高的硝态氮累积,处理C高达1021.19 kg·hm-2;0-400 cm的土壤硝态氮累积量分别为724.27、711-92、1324.30、730.70 kg·hm-2。处理A、B、C、D在耕层土壤氮素的表观损失分别为1298.95、653.18、1236.39和718.43 kg·hm-2,处理B、D显著低于处理A、C,D和B间差异不显著。因此,处理D是培育高产的理想施肥模式,合理的施肥量、科学的施肥时期以及有机无机的合理配比是达到高产、提高肥效和环境友好的关键。     

不同轮作制度下施肥对冬小麦田间杂草群落及小麦生长的影响

为探讨不同轮作制度下长期施肥对冬小麦Triticum aestivum L.田间杂草及小麦生长的影响,我们在三个长期田间肥效试验定位点,研究3种轮作制度下(冬小麦-大豆Glycine max (L.) Merr.(WS)、冬小麦-夏玉米Zea Mays L.(WM)、冬小麦-中稻Oryza sativa(WR))长期不同施肥模式对冬小麦田间杂草群落及小麦生长的影响.研究表明,在3种轮作制度下,平衡施加N、P、K肥或者NPK肥配施有机肥均可以显著降低冬小麦田杂草密度、地上生物量和田间光照透过率,促进冬小麦生长,并提高冬小麦产量和地上生物量;而且在冬小麦-大豆轮作和冬小麦-中稻轮作的冬小麦田中平衡施加N、P和K肥可以在控制杂草密度的同时保持一个较均一的杂草群落.3种轮作制度下各指标相对值比较发现,3种轮作制度改变施肥对冬小麦田间光照透过率影响程度的顺序与3种轮作制度改变冬小麦田中施肥对杂草密度和地上生物量影响程度的顺序相同;另外,在冬小麦-大豆轮作和冬小麦-中稻轮作制度下杂草密度与冬小麦田间光照透过率之间的相关系数也很高(R≥0.7906),说明施肥对冬小麦田间光照透过率的改变可能是施肥影响冬小麦田间杂草群落的主要途径之一.轮作制度改变冬小麦田中施肥对优势杂草种类数和杂草生物多样性影响的程度差别不大,这可能是因为轮作改变施肥对田间杂草的影响并没有达到引起田间杂草物种消亡的程度.结果表明,在3种轮作制度中施肥对冬小麦田间杂草群落及小麦生长的影响虽有差异,但都显示出施肥在抑制田间杂草发生、维持杂草生物多样性和提高作物产量上的作用.     

施肥对不同肥力水平春玉米农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

选取辽河灌区不同肥力水平春玉米(Zea mays ssp. mays L.)农田土壤为研究对象,通过连续3年田间定位试验研究施肥对不同层次土壤有机碳组分(TOC、ASOC、LFOC、DOC和MBC)的影响,分析土壤有机碳组分的产量效应.结果表明,连续种植春玉米能够显著增加低产田土壤w(TOC),增加各产田土壤w(ASOC)和w(MBC),降低各产田土壤w(LFOC),土壤w(DOC)变化较小.施肥使土壤w(TOC)增加了-13.41%~7.54%,平均增加了0.16%;使高产田表层(0~10 cm)土壤w(TOC)显著增加,低产田犁底层(20~40 cm)土壤w(TOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤w(ASOC)增加了-13.98%~72.22%,平均增加了15.82%;使低产田犁底层和高产田耕层(10~20 cm)土壤w(ASOC)显著增加,中产田耕层土壤w(ASOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤w(LFOC)增加了-42.60%~168.57%,平均增加了48.83%;使中产田表层和犁底层、高产田表层和耕层土壤w(LFOC)显著增加,高产田犁底层土壤 w(LFOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤 w(DOC)增加了-42.74%~51.29%,平均增加了9.36%;使中产田耕层和犁底层、高产田表层和耕层土壤 w(DOC)显著增加,低产田耕层土壤 w(DOC)显著降低.施肥使土壤 w(MBC)增加了-1.16%~19.97%,平均增加了9.32%,除中产田耕层土壤之外其他土层土壤w(MBC)均有所增加.施肥主要提高土壤ASOC和LFOC含量,促进土壤DOC的变化.施肥显著增加低产田土壤有机碳组分含量,促进中产田土壤有机碳组分变化,增加高产田土壤有机碳耗损.施肥主要增加表层(0~10 cm)土壤有机碳组分含量,耗损犁底层(20~40 cm)土壤有机碳,调解耕层(10~20 cm)土壤活性有机碳组分.施肥对微生物可利用性及结构不同的活性有机碳组分影响不同;高、中、低产田因其土壤理化性状及有机碳本底值不同,对施肥的响应存在差异.施肥总体增加土壤活性有机碳各组分含量,同时通过改变微生物及玉米根系活力影响活性有机碳含量及组分.土壤中有机碳组分与产量的回归方程为(产量)=-4665.61-0.008×w(SOC)-0.421×w (ASOC)-0.777×w (LFOC)+5.370×w (DOC)+33.408×w (MBC).ASOC和MBC具有土壤肥力指示作用,施肥主要通过调控土壤ASOC提高玉米产量.