A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

Simultaneous and direct determination of glyphosate and AMPA in water samples from the hydroponic cultivation of eucalyptus seedlings using HPLC-ICP-MS/MS

Abstract

Glyphosate is the main herbicide currently used in the world due to wide applicability and efficiency in controlling weeds in many crops. However, its overuse may lead to undesirable impacts on the environment and to human health in the long run. This present study aimed to optimize and validate solid phase extraction (SPE) using an anionic resin for the simultaneous and direct determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-ICP-MS/MS). The results showed that recovery percentage and relative standard deviation were 103.9?±?7.9 and 99.40?±?9.9% for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The validation certified that the method was precise, accurate, linear, and selective, with a limit of quantification of 1.09 and 0.29?μg L^?1 for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The optimized methodology reached the concentration factor of 250 times and was successfully applied to analyze water samples from hydroponic cultivation of the eucalyptus seedlings. The results showed that the exudation process occurs at glyphosate doses starting from 2?L ha^?1.     

液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定饮用水中的酞酸酯、百菌清和联苯胺

建立了液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱（LLE -GC/MS）同时测定饮用水中的6种酞酸酯类化合物、百菌清和联苯胺的方法。选用3种有机溶剂进行萃取,筛选出回收率高、操作简单的前处理方法,萃取后经气相色谱-质谱分析。方法表明：8种物质线性良好,相关系数为0．9978～0．9995,用二氯甲烷萃取回收率最佳,回收率在90．1％～118％之间,相对标准偏差在0．24％～7．21％之间。     

北京市水资源供需平衡趋势预测及分析

在研究北京市水资源供需现状的基础上,采用系统动力学方法构建了北京市水资源动态预测模型.对人口、产业结构和政策3个约束水资源供需平衡的核心因子进行分析,并将它们的变化趋势作为参数输入北京市水资源系统动力学模型中,通过动态仿真模拟,得到未来北京市水资源供需平衡变化的两种典型情景.结果显示,在保持现有政策和技术水平下,北京市水资源安全形势日益严峻,2010年水资源供求比为0.98;若加强人口、产业结构和政策等几项因子的约束,北京市水资源供需形式可逐渐缓和,2010年水资源供需比增至1.15.研究表明,约束因子对北京市水资源供需平衡有很大影响,加强人口、产业结构和政策的约束,实施相关的水资源政策,是提高水资源利用效率,缓解北京市水资源危机的重要保障.     

半轴花键在挤压过程中的稳定性研究

从临界力的角度入手分析花键半轴在挤压成形时的稳定性及失稳后可增加约束的计算,研究表明半轴花键实现精密挤压成形不稳定时可增加约束来解决失稳问题。     

固相萃取—气相色谱法测定海水中的666、DDT

采用固相萃取技术富集海水中的666、DDT,并使用气相色谱进行测定。主要包括不同填料(C8、C18、C18-N)、SPE柱规格(500 mg/3 mL、500 mg/6 mL)、洗脱试剂、上样流速、水样pH和洗脱试剂体积6个因素对666、DDT富集效率的影响。最终确定最优条件为:采用500 mg/6 mL C18SPE小柱,调节海水pH=6,上样流速4~5mL/min,10 mL二氯甲烷洗脱。优化后的固相萃取-气相色谱方法测定海水中666、DDT加标10 ng/L回收率为75.7%~110.4%,精密度为1.16%~4.00%,方法检出限为0.19~1.20 ng/L。     

全球碳排放权分配与减排分担研究——基于环境约束与公平感受的视角

排放权分配与减排分担始终是国际气候治理的关键问题,基于2℃环境约束与公平感受视角,利用多原则综合加权的分配方法,对全球排放权分配与减排分担展开研究,其结论如下:(1)在温升控制目标下,全球年均排放空间为177.42亿t;满足公平感受要求的全球年均配额为207.59亿t;以2015年实际排放为例,全球年均贡献减排与责任减排分别为30.17亿t、120.42亿t。(2)应用六大单一原则的排放权配额分配,其结果相差悬殊;发达国家和地区普遍偏好等产出原则,发展中国家和地区偏好排放责任原则;基于公平感受的综合加权分配方案降低了单一原则分配的规则"刚性",能缓解分配中的"南北"失衡现象。(3)减排分担结果显示,分担集中于少数Ⅰ类地区的国家和地区,而大多数Ⅴ类地区的国家和地区减排分担不高,当前全球仍处于责任减排阶段。因此,排放权分配要在公平与可行、总量目标与个体标准之间寻求平衡,充分挖掘减排潜力;减排分担应坚持两个区分,减排目标实现按三阶段渐进。     

Extraction of arsenic in a synthetic arsenic-contaminated soil using phosphate

An environment-friendly and cost-effective extraction method has been studied for the removal of arsenic from contaminated soil. A yellow-brown forest soil was contaminated with arsenic(V) and used as a model soil. Among various potassium and sodium salts, potassium phosphate was most effective in extracting arsenic, attaining more than 40% extraction in the pH range of 6–8 with minimum damage to the soil properties. Exchange mechanism is proposed for the extraction of arsenic from soil by phosphate. Sequential extraction shows that phosphate is effective in extracting arsenic of Al- and Fe-bound forms. Arsenic of residual form was not extracted. Arsenic was efficiently extracted by phosphate solution of pH 6.0 at 300 mM phosphate concentration and at 40°C.     

萃取法预处理间二硝基苯生产废水

间二硝基苯生产废水中含有邻硝基苯磺酸和对硝基横酸，采用三辛胺－煤油作萃取剂对其进行萃取处理，在最佳工艺条件下，经过三级萃取，废水的COD去除率达95％以上，硝基物去除率达98％以上，萃取剂用NaOH水溶液处理后可循环使用。     

The study of operating variables in soil washing with EDTA

This study discusses the operating variables for removal of metals from soils using EDTA, including the type of EDTA, reaction time, solution pH, dose, temperature, agitation, ultrasound and number of extractions. For As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, the removal efficiency order was: H₄-EDTA > Na₂EDTA > (NH₄)₂EDTA. At low EDTA concentrations the removal increased progressively with increasing dose while above 0.4 mmol/g only small increases in extraction efficiency were observed. EDTA induced a two-step process including a rapid desorption within the first hour, and a gradual release in the following hours. The extraction efficiency of metals decreased with increasing pH in the range of 2-10. Consecutive extractions using low concentrations were more effective than a single extraction with concentrated EDTA if the same dose of EDTA was used.