土地整治项目区耕地资源优化配置研究

耕地细碎化会导致农业生产效率降低、土地利用可持续性下降、耕地撂荒增多等多种农业问题,土地整治是当前中国改善耕地细碎化的重要途径之一。为探索适宜的土地整治计量模型以解决耕地资源优化配置问题,基于多目标线性规划,从工程设计、权属调整、地块分配三方面构建土地整治项目区耕地资源优化配置模型,并选取典型土地整治项目进行案例分析。研究结果表明：通过模型优化,案例区农业生产消耗降低了20.41%、地块平均规模增大了53.72%、户均地块数降低了34.92%,平均耕作距离减小了68.17%,可促进耕地细碎化问题的改善,有利于农业生产效率的提升。研究对丰富土地整治规划设计方法,推动耕地细碎化问题解决具有参考和借鉴意义。     

兼氧接触氧化与土地渗滤联合处理农村污水的研究

采用兼氧接触氧化与土地渗滤联合处理工艺对农村混合污水进行了试验.结果表明,系统对污染物有良好的去除效果.在进水COD 397～564 mg/L条件下,兼氧接触氧化水力停留时间为24 h时COD去除率大于75%;经过土地渗滤系统处理,在0.02 m3/(m2·d)的水力负荷下,COD去除率大于60%,氨氮、总磷的去除率大于99%.     

当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望——兼论中国城市生活垃圾对策视点的调整

以探究全球城市生活垃圾治理技术实践 ,展示人类面向 2 1世纪解决城市生活垃圾问题的新视点 ,并对我国垃圾对策视点的调整及垃圾产业化提出建议     

Changes in area and number of nature reserves in China

Nature reserves (NR) are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. Over the past 60 years, the rapid expansion of NRs in China, one of the world's megadiverse countries, has played a critical role in slowing biodiversity loss. We examined the changes in the number and area of China's NRs from 1956 to 2014 and analyzed the effect of economic development on the expansion of China's NRs from 2005 to 2014 with linear models. Despite a continuing increase in the number of NRs, the total area of China's NRs decreased by 3% from 2007 to 2014. This loss resulted from downsizing and degazettement of existing NRs and a slowdown in the establishment of new ones. Nature reserves in regions with rapid economic development exhibited a greater decrease in area, suggesting that downsizing and degazettement of NRs are closely related to the intensifying competition between economic growth and conservation. For example, boundary adjustments to national NRs, the most strictly protected NRs, along the coast of China's Yellow Sea, a global biodiversity hotspot with a fast-growing economy, resulted in the loss of one-third of the total area. One of the most important ecosystems in these NRs, tidal wetlands, decreased by 27.8% because of boundary adjustments and by 25.2% because of land reclamation. Our results suggest conservation achievement, in terms of both area and quality, are declining at least in some regions in the Chinese NR estate. Although the designation of protected areas that are primarily managed for sustainable use has increased rapidly in recent years in China, we propose that NRs with biodiversity conservation as their main function should not be replaced or weakened.     

基于改进蝴蝶算法和社会力模型的多出口疏散模型研究*

为提高多出口场景下行人疏散效率和精度,基于蝴蝶算法和社会力模型,提出一种新的应急疏散仿真路径规划方法。在原有社会力模型中,考虑距离出口远近及行人所处位置拥挤度对运动过程中期望速度的影响,引入速度调节因子,描述行人在疏散中的期望速度变化;针对蝴蝶算法中后期收敛速度慢和易陷入局部最优的缺陷,提出自适应感知概率参数以增强局部搜索和全局搜索之间的平衡;在每轮迭代结束时引入迭代局部搜索策略,扰动局部最优解获得中间状态,并重新搜索上述中间状态得到全局最优解。研究结果表明:提出的应急疏散仿真路径规划方法在多出口环境下能够更有效地利用出口资源,提高疏散效率。     

Immobilization of nitrite oxidizing bacteria using biopolymeric chitosan media

The effects of chitosan characteristics including the degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, particle size, pH pretreatment and immobilization time on the immobilization of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) on biopolymeric chitosan were investigated. Nitrite removal efficiency of immobilized NOB depended on the degree of deacetylation, particle size, pH pretreatment on the surface of chitosan and immobilization time. Scanning electron microscope characterization illustrated that the number of NOB cells attached to the surface of chitosan increased with an increment of immobilization time. The optimal condition for NOB immobilization on chitosan was achieved during a 24-hr immobilization period using chitosan with the degree of deacetylation larger than 80% and various particle size ranges between 1-5 mm at pH 6.5. In general, the NOB immobilized on chitosan flakes has a high potential to remove excess nitrite from wastewater and aquaculture systems.     

水情自动测报系统在唐徕渠水量调度中的应用研究

水情自动测报系统在唐徕渠水量调度中的应用问题,是由于水资源的日益紧缺,为推进节水型灌域建设,解决灌区的用水矛盾,文中介绍了唐徕渠灌区的基本概况,探讨了水情自动测报系统建设,从对唐徕渠水量调度情况的分析,提出建立水情自动测报系统后对水量调度工作的影响,探讨了水情自动测报系统与科学调度水量、水情自动测报系统与干渠险情、水情自动测报系统与管理效率、水情自动测报系统与农民利益、水情自动测报系统与城镇化建设和水情自动测报系统与监管统计,指出水情自动测报系统存在的问题,并提出改进拱赫     

四川省制浆造纸行业可持续发展建议

造纸业是与民生关联度极高的行业.为改变国内造纸行业污染局面、整合企业规模、合理原料结构、提高技术装备、改革落后生产工艺,国家先后出台了多项政策规定.特别是2008年新的<制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准>(GB3544)颁布后,四川省制浆造纸行业面临巨大的整改压力.如何抓住产业调整机遇,加快产品结构调整和生产方式转变,努力...     

生物质能源材料——主要农作物秸秆产量潜力分析

分析了我国能源消费趋势。指出农作物秸秆作为生物质能源材料的一个重要组成部分。具有可再生性、可储藏性和可替代性、资源丰富、=氯化碳零排放的优良特性。发展生物质能源有助于缓解我国能源消费压力。通过设定部分调整模型。分析农作物秸秆产量的潜力。探索了中国农作物秸秆产量的变化规律及其发展趋势。运用灰色关联分析。从农业生产要素投入的角度。分析农作物秸秆总产量与粮食总产量之闰的长期关系。指出科技进步和农业结构调整有利于为生物质能源的发展提供更多原材料。有利于促进中国能源消费结构的优化。     

地表水净化过程中生产废水处理工艺参数的调整

石家庄市第八水厂采用常规净水处理工艺 ,设计规模为 30万m3 d,总生产废水为 1 0 6万m3 d ,运行中发现废水处理系统中的调节池出现大量存泥 ,既影响自身的调节功能 ,又影响整个系统的正常运行 ,本研究介绍了调整调节池中潜水泵的启停液位的解决方法 ,避免了人工停产清淤 ,使系统连续运行 ,节约了费用 ,目前 ,整个系统运行状态良好