VARIABILITY IN ADJUSTMENT PREFERENCES TO GROUNDWATER DEPLETION IN THE AMERICAN HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the adjustments and institutions that residents of the American High Plains prefer in coping with the depletion of the High Plains (Ogallaia) aquifer. The authors identify 48 possible adjustments and report on public preferences for them as determined from a mail survey of 956 respondents in 14 counties. For purposes of analysis, the adjustments are categorized into five groups: user practices, management policies, financial incentives and disincentives, technological fixes, and other. Preferences were also determined among five levels of government to enforce each of the adjustments. Adjustments associated with user conservation practices were generally most preferred while financial incentives and disincentives were least favored. Local groundwater management agencies were the most favored level of institution to administer conservation adjustments followed by the state, county, and federal levels. The most preferred option for 20 adjustments was that no agency should be involved. Respondents in agriculturally related occupations showed less support for water conservation laws and gave greater acceptance to the continuance of existing methods. Irrigators viewed the increasing cost of lifting water as a more serious problem than the depletion of groundwater.     

Channel adjustments to the removal of log steps: an experiment in a mountain stream

Fallen trees and their large debris often form log steps in small mountain streams, where they are incorporated into the hydraulic geometry. The hypothesis here was that these log steps take the place of gravel bars that otherwise would have been required for channel slope adjustment. In this experiment, the treated as well as the control stream were located in virgin mixed conifer forests and until the study began, no human activity had interfered with the natural developments. All log steps were removed from a stream and the formation of new log steps was prohibited by periodic removal of fallen trees and branches. Five years later, 74% of all removed log steps had been replaced by gravel bars, thus proving the hypothesis that increased bedload movement was required to offset the loss of log steps. Implications are that streamside forests should be managed so that they can provide a steady supply of debris for channel stability.     

印制电路板制造业结构优化调整思路探讨

以某典型城市为例,调查印制电路板制造业的经济技术发展现状和污染防治水平,分析该行业的对经济发展的带动作用、对电子信息业的配套作用和对环境的污染影响。在此基础上,提出产业调整思路和淘汰退出机制建议,以期为类似的重污染行业产业政策制定提供决策参考。     

流化床污泥干化系统密封工艺的国产化改进研究

文章介绍了流化床污泥焚烧干化工艺,提出了系统中氧含量控制的重要性和必要性,并阐述了在实际操作过程中问题出现的原因。针对进口设备国产化出现的系统密封问题,对污泥干化系统的影响,以及系统密封工艺的改进,与之相关的工艺操作和工艺参数的调整提出了有针对性的改进措施。通过对系统工艺的改进和系统相关工艺参数的调整,污泥干化系统的操作达到了较好的效果,使得系统氧含量的控制达到了4%以下,优于系统设计要求8%。对污泥无害化处理设备国产化进行了积极的探索和实践。     

试述汶川8．0级地震我国“十五”地热观测网的映震情况

2008年5月12日汶川8．0级地震的地震异常信息是否在我国现有的技术手段中有明显的异常体现,引起了人们的思考。本文用收集到的全国“十五”地热观测网中的190个地热前兆观测点的数据资料,对汶川8．0级地震的映震情况进行分析。结果30个观测点震前有前兆异常,86个观测点有同震响应及震后调整。其中有前兆异常的观测点仅占16％,震中距〈1100km出现前兆异常观测点占全部异常点（30个）的77％,占震中距〈1100km观测点（83个）的28％。由此分析了我国地热观测的现状及预测实践中存在的不足。例如观测孔勘选不理想有待筛选改进,数据资源私有应在全国及时实现资源共享等问题。     

GPS在管线控制测量中的应用

对静态GPS在管线控制测量中的应用做了阐述,包括选点、数据采集和数据处理,结合GPS自带的后处理软件,以实例介绍了在数据处理中遇到的问题和解决方法.     

调整抽油机参数液压工具的研制及应用

针对抽油机调整作业中劳动强度大、易造成人身伤害的问题,研制了调整抽油机参数液压工具,介绍了调整抽油机参数液压工具的构造、操作方法.经现场试用,效果良好.     

通过速度调整解决城际铁路环境噪声研究

近几年来,随着我国高速铁路技术的迅猛发展,城际铁路的建设也在相继展开。由于城际高速铁路的线路分布在城区及市郊,所以,在为旅客带来快速服务的同时,沿线部分地点也会不同程度地出现噪声超标、电磁干扰等环境问题。针对其中的噪声问题,利用降速减噪的方法,综合考虑时间效益、社会效益与环境效益,在最小程度的影响列车运行时间的前提下调整列车运行速度,满足噪声指标要求。最后,通过实例分析,探讨利用速度调整措施解决噪声超标问题的适用性。     

Employment and structural impacts of material efficiency strategies: results from five case studies

In order to come up with a sound assessment of the effects of material efficiency innovations on growth, employment and competitiveness, different economic mechanisms have to be considered. From a methodological point of view, the analysis must be able to account for technology specific aspects. The employment impacts of five innovations are analyzed: plastic and paper recycling, increased life span of automobiles, car sharing, and bio-based products. Time horizons for all strategies are scenarios until 2020.The economic impacts are context specific with regard to innovation, technology and country. The economic impacts highlight substantial structural adjustments. The overall economic net impact on employment tends to be neutral to positive. Stronger positive economic impacts result if first mover advantages can be established.     

面向二/三维城市形态指标的PM2.5浓度调控模拟

城市形态可影响空气污染的源分布与扩散过程,但如何通过优化城市形态指标缓解城市空气污染一直缺少实用的定量方法与模型.故以长沙市为例,定量分析了二/三维城市形态指标对主城区PM_2.5浓度分布的影响,提出了一种关键因子指标驱动下的城市空气质量优化调控模型（UFR-AQOM）,开展了指标阈值与空气质量目标双约束下的城市PM_2.5浓度情景模拟实验.结果表明,长沙市主城区PM_2.5浓度高值区呈现"一轴两区四节点"的空间格局,商业服务用地与道路交通用地、高斑块密度与高用地容积率网格PM_2.5浓度相对较高.三类城市形态因子指标中,开发强度对城市PM_2.5浓度空间变化的影响程度最大,景观格局、用地功能次之,多因子共同作用比单因子影响更加显著.顾及因子指标贡献差异与交互作用的UFR-AQOM模型可有效用于城市PM_2.5浓度的优化调控模拟（R²=0.65,RMSE=1.40 μg·m^-3）.面向PM_2.5浓度达标约束要求,长沙市主城区宜加强周长面积分维数与斑块密度等景观格局指标的全面管控,同时应考虑对工业占比与水域占比等城市用地功能指标和用地容积率等城市开发强度指标的分区优化调控.研究成果将为面向空气质量改善的国土空间规划指标调控提供决策支持.