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491.
Using structured systems analysis to design an integrated system for transport planning and environmental analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. P. LoseeA. L. Brown 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1996,8(2):129-144
Usingstructuredsystemsanalysistodesignanintegratedsystemfortransportplanningandenvironmentalanalysis¥S.P.Losee;A.L.Brown(Facu... 相似文献
492.
Maria I. Sandell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(2):255-262
In the European starling, Sturnus vulgaris, optimal mating systems differ between males and females. Males gain from polygyny, whereas monogamy increases female fitness.
The cost of polygyny to females lead to intense female–female competition, and it has previously been shown that the intensity
of female aggression during the pre-breeding period can predict the realised mating system. The physiological regulation of
such female aggression in starlings is not yet known. This study examines the role of testosterone in mediating aggressive
behaviours involved in intra-specific reproductive competition in female starlings. Testosterone levels were experimentally
elevated with testosterone implants in females during the pre-laying period. To simulate a situation in which an additional
female tried to mate with the focal female’s mate, a caged female was presented close to a nest-site to which the male could
attract a secondary female. Testosterone was significantly related to several behaviours involved in female–female interactions.
Females with testosterone implants spent significantly more time close to the caged female and produced more song bouts than
control females. In contrast, male behaviour was unrelated to the experimental status of the mate. Females mated to males
that attracted a secondary female were less aggressive towards the caged female than those that remained monogamously mated.
The effect of exogenous testosterone in this study indicates that androgens may mediate social behaviours in female starlings
during the breeding season. 相似文献
493.
We document the variation in number of queens occurring naturally in founding, immature and mature nests of the ant Formica podzolica, and compare development of colonies and survivorship of queens in experimental nests started with 1–16 foundresses. Number of queens per nest was associated with stage of colony development. Most nests were monogynous, but 20% of immature nests (n = 66) and 25% of mature nests (n = 92) were oligogynous or polygynous. Colonies were usually established by single queens (i.e., haplometrosis), but colony establishment by multiple queens (i.e., pleometrotis) was also common, occurring in 27% of founding nests (n = 492). Foundress groups in the field were small ( = 1.47 ± 0.04 queens/nest), and large groups experienced high mortality and low productivity in artificial nests. Therefore, the many queens (up to 140) in some immature and mature colonies were probably secondarily pleometrotic. Experimental nests started with 1–4 queens were more successful than those initiated by 8 or 16 queens. Small groups (2–4 queens) produced more pupae before the first nests reared workers than single foundresses or larger groups (8 or 16 queens). Although single foundresses were less productive than queens in small groups, they experienced greater survivorship and less weight loss than queens in pleometrotic associations. Besides low productivity, queen mortality and weight loss were greatest in large groups. 相似文献
494.
EoCM是德国技术合作公司专门为中小企业研制的环境管理工具,使企业获得经济效益、环境效益和组织管理效益。中德合作《浙江省企业环保咨询》支持的浙江省2004年EoCM示范项目成功实践表明:EoCM可以作为清洁生产审核的一种工具,能够帮助企业实现清洁生产,企业实施EoCM实现了“三赢”,而且还得到了5%的劳动场所改善和5%的产品质量改善。 相似文献
495.
通过对塔里木河流域生态输水工程的效应分析,揭示了生态系统反馈机制的原理和特点,强调了负反馈机制的作用,即生态系统在受到外界影响或干扰后,通过一系列的自我调节功能来减轻这种干扰或影响的程度,并力图恢复到平衡或稳定状态.最后,探讨了生态系统反馈机制的作用和意义. 相似文献
496.
Luc A. Wauters Simon A. de Crombrugghe Nadia Nour Erik Matthysen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1995,37(3):189-193
In polygynous roe deer Capreolus capreolus, males are only slightly heavier than females and the overall sex ratio at birth is close to unity. We studied offspring sex ratio and litter size (range 1–4, n = 74) of culled females, in utero, which provided an opportunity to examine responses of sex ratio to maternal condition. Male embryos were heavier than their sisters, and male fawns (9 months old) heavier than female fawns, suggesting a higher growth rate in males. There was no evidence for differential mortality between the sexes from birth to 9 months old. Heavier adult females produced larger embryos than lighter, or primiparous females. The overall sex ratio of embryos did not differ from unity, but adult does had more male embryos (55%) than primiparous does (32%), and the proportion of male embryos in a litter increased with the mother's body mass. Litter size also tended to increase with maternal age and body mass. We argue that this pattern reflects adaptive variation in offspring sex ratio. 相似文献
497.
苏州河是上海的母亲河 ,但近年来随着上海经济的发展 ,苏州河的污染越来越严重。这不仅损害了上海市民的生活质量和身体健康 ,而且与上海国际大都市的形象格格不入。 2 0世纪 80年代 ,上海市政府开始治理苏州河 ,但从未从生态学的角度治理过苏州河。微生物作为生态系统重要组成部分———分解者 ,对维持苏州河生态系统的平衡起着极其重要的作用。微生物不仅能降解苏州河水体和底泥中的有机物 ,而且可作为水体污染程度及受污后治理恢复状况的指示指标。本文主要选取有代表性的指示微生物 ,通过对苏州河上海市区段 8个采样段面处底泥 (主要是表层底泥 )中微生物指标的定量测试及代表性河段的耗氧速率测定 ,来了解目前苏州河的污染状况及微生物在整个生态系统中的地位和作用 ,从而为苏州河的综合治理提供依据。 相似文献
498.
499.
500.
富营养化供水中的藻类控制与去除 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
综述了富营养化的供水原水中,藻类控制与去除方法的国内外研究进展。首先扼要介绍藻类过度繁殖对原水处理工艺的诸多影响。然后叙述富营养化湖泊中,藻类生物量的控制方法和给水原水处理的藻类去除工艺,并就此技术现状提出若干结论和建议。 相似文献