Coastal hazards and community-coping methods in Bangladesh

Addressing one of the most vulnerable coastal communities in Bangladesh, this paper explores people’s perception and vulnerabilities to coastal hazards. At the same time, it investigates the methods that communities apply to cope with different coastal hazards. Findings revealed that people perceived an increase in both the intensity of hazards and their vulnerabilities. In spite of having a number of socio-economic and locational factors enhancing their vulnerabilities, the community is creating their own ways to cope with these hazards. For different aspects of life like shelter, employment, water supply, and health, communities apply different coping methods that vary with the types of hazard. Efforts have also been made by governments and NGOs to manage coastal hazards. By highlighting both community-coping methods and efforts of development organizations, this paper attempts to devise an integrated approach for managing the coastal hazards that occur in Bangladesh.     

The Time Invariance Principle,the absence of ecological chaos,and a fundamental pitfall of discrete modeling

This paper is to show that most discrete models used for population dynamics in ecology are inherently pathological that their predications cannot be independently verified by experiments because they violate a fundamental principle of physics. The result is used to tackle an on-going controversy regarding ecological chaos. Another implication of the result is that all dynamical systems must be modeled by differential equations. As a result it suggests that researches based on discrete modeling must be closely scrutinized and the teaching of calculus and differential equations must be emphasized for students of biology.     

Divergent effects of climate change on the egg-laying opportunity of species in cold and warm regions

Climate warming can substantially impact embryonic development and juvenile growth in oviparous species. Estimating the overall impacts of climate warming on oviparous reproduction is difficult because egg-laying events happen throughout the reproductive season. Successful egg laying requires the completion of embryonic development as well as hatching timing conducive to offspring survival and energy accumulation. We propose a new metric—egg-laying opportunity (EO)—to estimate the annual hours during which a clutch of freshly laid eggs yields surviving offspring that store sufficient energy for overwintering. We estimated the EO within the distribution of a model species, Sceloporus undulatus, under recent climate condition and a climate-warming scenario by combining microclimate data, developmental functions, and biophysical models. We predicted that EO will decline as the climate warms at 74.8% of 11,407 sites. Decreasing hatching success and offspring energy accounted for more lost EO hours (72.6% and 72.9%) than the occurrence of offspring heat stress (59.9%). Nesting deeper (at a depth of 12 cm) may be a more effective behavioral adjustment for retaining EO than using shadier (50% shade) nests because the former fully mitigated the decline of EO under the considered warming scenario at more sites (66.1%) than the latter (28.3%). We advocate for the use of EO in predicting the impacts of climate warming on oviparous animals because it encapsulates the integrative impacts of climate warming on all stages of reproductive life history.     

催化湿式氧化法处理三环唑生产废水

在高压釜中进行了三环唑农药生产敦水间歇催化湿式氧化试验，结果表明，该法处理高浓度有有毒有机废水是有效的。在试验条件下，ＣＯＤ去除率达８０％。反应温度对处理效果影响最大，铜系催化剂具有较高的催化活性。     

微波辅助芬顿试剂降解联苯胺废水的研究

对微波/芬顿试剂联合降解联苯胺废水进行了研究。考察了亚铁量、双氧水量、联苯胺初始浓度、微波功率、pH以及处理时间等因素对联苯胺降解效果的影响。结果表明,对于100mL,100mg/L联苯胺溶液,当加入1.0mL20mmol Fe2+,1.0mL30%H2O2,调节微波功率至460W,反应12min后,联苯胺降解率达到88.9%。通过对比试验,发现微波、芬顿试剂对联苯胺的降解起协同作用。     

PTFE/C三相电极氧阴极还原法生产过氧化氢

设计了隔膜体系电解槽,制作了聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)/碳黑三相气体扩散电极,系统研究了隔膜、电流密度、电极间距、初始溶液酸度、电解质、空气量和时间等因素对过氧化氢累积产生浓度和电流效率的影响。结果表明,在有隔膜体系,电流密度为70 mA/cm2,电极间距为1 cm,初始pH=0.5,电解质为0.10 mol/L Na2SO4溶液,空气量为40 mL/min的条件下,电解时间1 h时过氧化氢累积浓度最高可至20 096.05 mg/L,此时对应的电流效率为63.37%。在确定的最佳条件下,进行电解液循环实验,1 h时电流效率升高到98.4%,12 h之后,过氧化氢累积浓度为46 042.43 mg/L。实验原位产生的高浓度酸性过氧化氢溶液可以直接应用于Fenton试剂。     

酸析-Fenton氧化法处理采气废水

采用酸析-Fenton氧化法对川西某气井采气废水进行降解处理研究,考察了pH、Fenton试剂配比、投加量及反应时间等主要影响因素对采气废水处理效果的影响,并选用气相色谱-质谱仪器(GC-MS)对酸析-Fenton氧化法处理前后水样的成分进行定性分析.结果表明,酸析-Fenton氧化法最佳实验条件:pH为1,H2O2/COD为7,H2O2/Fe2+(摩尔比)为3,反应时间为120 min;在最佳实验条件下COD、SS、油类物质、色度的去除率分别为81%、99%、95%、99%;对比处理前后水样的GC-MS图谱,表明在质谱扫描范围内,处理前后水样中物质成分变化较大,酸析-Fenton氧化技术对采气废水中难降解有机物的去除效果明显.     

物理-化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水的研究

桑皮纤维是一种资源可再生纤维素纤维,但在脱胶制取桑皮纤维过程中产生大量的废水,污染环境,限制了桑皮纤维的开发利用.采用调节pH值、絮凝、Fenton试剂催化氧化、活性炭吸附等物理-化学综合处理法处理桑皮脱胶废水,研究结果表明,通过物理化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水,COD总去除率达到97%以上,色度降到5倍.此方法处理效果明显、操作简单.     

催化芬顿氧化处理苯酚废水

通过在Fenton体系中加入新型催化剂OR-SON,研究其催化Fenton反应的效果并探究其催化Fenton技术的原理。研究不同pH条件下OR-SON的催化特性,得出不同条件下其催化H2O2分解和催化Fenton反应降解苯酚的效果。结果发现,当pH=3时,OR-SON对Fenton反应有较强的催化能力,使H2O2的分解率提高了60%。同样在酸性条件下,OR-SON催化Fenton反应对苯酚的去除比Fenton反应更快速,去除率达到95%。当pH=7时,苯酚去除率仅为14.8%。自由基抑制实验表明,·OH是OR-SON催化Fenton反应的主要活性产物。说明在酸性条件下OR-SON强化Fe2+和Fe3+的循环,使得Fe2+能不断地催化H2O2产生·OH,提高了H2O2分解效率,同时提高了苯酚的去除率。