山地生态系统的脆弱性与荒漠化

荒漠化已成为全球性社会环境问题,它与脆弱的生态环境有密切关系。山地系统在景观上为农林交错带,生态系统的脆弱性表现在具有内生型脆弱性、对植被的依附性、景观过渡性以及落后的生产力等方面,荒漠化较严重。作者通过对坡面级联系统以及系统内部的反馈机制分析,讨论了山地荒漠化的运行机制,并进一步就荒漠化的防治提出几点想法。     

基于智能优化算法的河流水质模型参数的优化简

为探索河流水质模型参数新的求解方法,根据有限的实测数据,分别应用免疫进化优化算法和免疫进化优选的捕食搜索算法,对河流水质模型计算公式中的多参数进行优化。将优化得到的计算公式用于国内外若干河流的河段中DO浓度值的拟合,并与实测结果进行了比较。结果表明,将免疫进化优化算法或免疫进化优选的捕食搜索算法优化得到的水质模型参数精度不仅较高,而且相对稳定,从而为河流水质模型参数的优化提供了一种新方法。     

基于不确定性分析的垃圾焚烧烟气中重金属的土壤沉积及生态风险评估

采用CALPUFF模式模拟某城市垃圾焚烧烟气中重金属Pb和Cd的地面大气浓度,并借助土壤浓度模型以Monte Carlo模拟不确定性处理方法估算重金属经沉降在土壤中的累积,最后利用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属在土壤中的长期累积量进行生态风险评估.结果表明,Pb和Cd的大气浓度最大值分别为5.59×10-3μg·m-3和5.57×10-4μg·m-3,土壤浓度增量中值最大分别为2.26 mg·kg-1和0.21 mg·kg-1;高生态风险区集中在焚烧炉附近的下风向地区,生态风险主要由Cd贡献,Pb基本无污染风险;城市最大污染点达较高生态危害水平概率为55.30%,农村最大污染点达中等生态危害水平概率达72.92%.此外,对土壤浓度模型的参数进行敏感性分析表明,城、乡区域模拟结果分别对土壤混合厚度和干沉降速率敏感性最强.     

澳门特别行政区土壤自然消减能力与污染背景

澳门是我国人口密度最大的城市.选择澳门特别行政区不同功能区绿地土壤为研究对象,首先,通过野外布点采样,调查分析了表层土壤中9种重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、As、Hg)和16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征;其次,利用累积频率分布曲线法估算了土壤重金属和PAHs的土壤污染背景;最后,基于...     

城市生态敏感性分析

在总结国内外对生态敏感性研究的基础上,应用生态因子评分方法和GIS技术对广州市城市生态系统进行敏感性区划,将广州市划分为最敏感区、敏感区、弱敏感区和非敏感区4个等级,其中北部林区多属于最敏感区,大部分园地属于敏感区,和水源相邻的耕地属于弱敏感区,其他分散的林地和未利用土地则属于非敏感区.并提出了相应的保护对策,为该市今后产业合理布局,区域生态环境保护提供科学依据.     

Effect of Sweating on Insulation of Footwear

The study aimed to find out the influence of sweating on footwear insulation with a thermal foot model. Simultaneously, the influence of applied weight (35 kg), sock, and steel toe cap were studied. Water to 3 sweat glands was supplied with a pump at the rate of 10 g/hr in total. Four models of boots with steel toe caps were tested. The same models were manufactured also without steel toe. Sweating reduced footwear insulation 19–25% (30–37% in toes). During static conditions, only a minimal amount of sweat evaporated from boots. Weight affected sole insulation: Reduction depended on compressibility of sole material. The influence of steel toe varied with insulation. The method of thermal foot model appears to be a practical tool for footwear evaluation.     

Determination of Heat Loss from the Feet and Insulation of the Footwear

This study compared the methods of determining footwear insulation on human participants and a thermal foot model. Another purpose was to find the minimal number of measurement points on the human foot that is needed for insulation calculation. A bare foot was tested at 3 ambient temperatures on 6 participants. Three types of footwear were tested on 2 participants. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = .98). However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing.     

A Comparison of Two Methods of Determining Thermal Properties of Footwear

The present European Standard for footwear testing (Standard No. EN 344:1992; European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1992) classifies footwear thermally by a temperature drop inside the footwear during 30 min at defined conditions. Today, other methods for footwear thermal testing are also available. The aim of this study was to compare EN 344:1992 with a thermal foot method. Six boots were tested according to both methods. Additional tests with modified standard tests were also carried out. The methods ranked the footwear in a similar way. However, the test according to standard EN 344:1992 is a pass-or-fail test, whereas data that is gained from the thermal foot method gives more information and allows further use in research and product development. A change of the present standard method is suggested.     

扬沸火灾发生时间预测模型的建立与应用分析

原油储罐扬沸火灾由池火灾发展而成,是一种危害性极大的事故.准确预测扬沸事故发生的时间,是扬沸机理研究中的难题之一.现有扬沸时间计算的通用模型由于没有考虑油品的粘性作用,计算结果误差较大.把扬沸火灾简化为无内热源的非稳态传热问题,在此基础上进行传热分析,进而推导出扬沸事故时间计算模型.设定了6组不同尺寸和不同充装水平的原油储罐池火灾,利用推导模型计算出了相应的扬沸事故发生时间.将计算结果与通用模型计算结果以及实验结果进行对比:该模型的准确性由于通用模型,计算结果与实验值误差较小,较为合理.研究结果对于扬沸火灾事故下消防人员的灭火救援的安全保障具有重要意义.