The distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior, in relation to a kraft pulp mill effluent

Samples of whole effluent and effluent suspended solids from a kraft pulp mill and sediments and biota from Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and dibenzofurans (CDFs). Tetra-CDFs (4CDF) were consistently detected in whole effluent at levels ranging between 0.3 and 1.3 ng/L. Effluent suspended solids also contained 4CDFs as well as traces of 4CDD, 5CDF, 8CDF and 8CDD. The horizontal sediment distribution suggests that the effluent was the only active source of 4CDF in the area but that 8CDD originated from a more general source such as the atmosphere. An abrupt appearance of 4CDF in the more recent sections of a core profile taken in the bay suggests that an operational change at the pulp mill resulted in the formation of 4CDFs in the mill effluent some time after 1973. Moderate values of 4CDF and low values of 4CDD were found in samples of the shrimp confirming the presence of an active source of 4CDF in Jackfish Bay.     

造纸厂废碱液污染土的环境岩土工程研究

分析了我国造纸厂废碱液的组成成分，受污染土的环境岩土工程特性和污染机理，介绍了污染土地区的岩土工程勘察内容，评价以及一些主要的治理措施。     

造纸废水曝气池中钙的去除及迁移转化规律研究

针对造纸废水好氧处理中钙离子（Ca²⁺）浓度过高影响生化过程和后续膜处理的问题,在实验室模拟废水曝气,研究Ca²⁺存在对COD去除效果的影响;对厌氧出水进行曝气实验,探究曝气量对钙去除效果的影响;分析表征造纸废水液相中Ca²⁺浓度和固相污泥中钙的形态,探究造纸废水曝气池中钙的迁移转化规律.结果发现：Ca²⁺的存在会影响活性污泥的活性,进而导致曝气过程中COD的去除率从71.76%降至36.94%;厌氧出水曝气初始阶段内曝气量越大,Ca²⁺的去除率越高;Ca²⁺浓度从厌氧出水到二沉池出水过程中逐渐下降,从游离态转变为CaCO₃的结合态而除去.     

增强机组监控技能,确保飞行安全

良好的监控技能对确保飞行安全 ,预防飞行事故发生有十分重要的作用。但由于多方面原因 ,当前的飞行机组监控工作还存在不少问题 ,并成为多起飞行事故主要原因之一。笔者从四方面 ,对民用航空飞行中缺乏良好监控的原因予以分析和说明 :持续有效的监控工作不符合人的本性 ;现行规章制度中未把机组监控技能作为所有机组成员 ,尤其是对辅助操纵者的一项重要任务加以确定 ;现有管理制度与管理观念 ,更多关注行为结果而不是行为发生过程 ;飞行训练中未将其作为重要飞行技能加以训练。笔者强调指出 :采用标准操作程序 ,提高相应飞行阶段的监控技能 ,对不同飞行阶段的工作负荷予以计划和控制、进行工作优先排序 ,加强机组成员间配合 ,在训练中强化监控技能培养等措施 ,有助于改进和增强飞行机组的监控技能 ,确保飞行安全     

造纸污泥混煤燃烧特性及动力学研究

采用综合热重分析法,在不同升温速率及泥煤不同比例混合条件下,开展造纸污泥、煤及泥煤混合物的燃烧热重实验研究.结果表明,造纸污泥的热重曲线存在3个明显的失重区域,分别与2个挥发分析出阶段和1个固定碳燃烧阶段相对应.泥煤混合燃烧过程中,造纸污泥和煤基本保持各自的挥发分析出特性,其燃烧曲线基本位于污泥和煤燃烧曲线之间,且混合...     

稀土磁盘在芯棒限动连轧管浊环水处理中的应用

介绍了稀土磁盘技术在芯棒限动连轧管浊环水处理中的工艺流程、设计参数、处理效果,及其取得的社会效益和应用前景。     

造纸废水的电离辐射预处理工艺研究

造纸废水是我国污染最为严重的难降解工业废水之一,研究了电离辐射处理造纸废水的可行性,探讨了混凝、辐照以及混凝-辐照组合工艺对废纸造纸废水的COD、BOD<,5>、吸光度、DOC以及有机物相对分子质量分布的影响.实验发现,造纸废水的COD主要是由相对分子质量<3 000的有机物构成,相对分子质量为1 000～3 000的...     

从造纸污泥中提取木质素处理酿造废液的研究

从造纸污泥中提取木质素,并将其作为絮凝剂应用于酿造废液的处理,着重研究了影响絮凝效果的因素及处理条件。研究表明,木质素絮凝剂的用量、温度和pH等因素对絮凝效果有一定影响。在pH4,废液温度25℃,木质素投加量150mg/L的条件下,酿造废液的COD和浊度去除率分别可达53.42%和92.82%。     

包气带中造纸废水COD天然生物降解作用

通过野外试验和土柱实验,研究了造纸废水渠底部包气带中,天然形成的生化层分布特征及其对ＣＯＤ降解能力和机制．结果表明,包气带中生化层由生物氧化带和生物还原带组成,生化层的发育厚度受包气带厚度控制,当包气带厚度大于１０ｍ 时,生化层发育良好,对ＣＯＤ的降解率达到９７％ 以上．     

Nuclear magnetic resonance logging: Example applications of an emerging tool for environmental investigations

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) geophysical tools have been widely used in the petroleum exploration industry since the 1960s and have improved significantly in the last two decades. These tools can provide estimates of bulk porosity and fluid content, quantification of bound versus mobile fluids, and estimates of hydraulic conductivity (K). Although the size and cost of oil‐field tools historically limited their use for near‐surface applications, smaller and more economical downhole NMR logging tools are now available for detecting and characterizing the formation water content and K to support environmental and groundwater resource investigations. These tools can be deployed using direct‐push drilling techniques or they can be lowered into existing open borings or wells with nonconductive polyvinyl chloride casings and screens. In many cases, using the tool in existing wells offers a safer and more cost‐effective alternative compared to drilling new boreholes. For environmental investigations, NMR can provide useful high‐resolution quantitative hydrostratigraphic information that can provide additional valuable data to further inform and refine the conceptual site model. This paper highlights several NMR field investigations that demonstrate the viability of this technology as a site characterization tool for near‐surface investigations. NMR measurements were compared to data from lithologic logs, cone penetrometer testing data, and prior field hydraulic tests. Use of NMR to detect vadose zone water, including previously unidentified perched groundwater zones, provided hydrostratigraphic details that could not be gleaned from historical well drilling logs and were used to evaluate drainable pore water versus pore water bound in small pores by capillary forces or electrochemically clay‐bond water. NMR also produced K estimates similar to those from conventional hydraulic tests, but the improved vertical resolution from NMR provided additional information regarding the vertical heterogeneity of the formation along the entire length of the well or borehole. Additionally, bench‐scale tests are presented that confirm the capability for NMR to reliably detect and quantify light nonaqueous phase liquid saturation (specifically diesel fuel and weathered gasoline) in situ. The field tests combined with bench‐scale testing results affirm the applicability and potential for NMR as a practical characterization tool that should increasingly be utilized in environmental investigations.