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191.
Jason H. Peterson Bernard D. Roitberg J. H. Peterson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(5):589-596
Fisher's theoretical prediction of equal investment in each sex for a panmictic population (The genetical theory of natural selection. Clarendon, Oxford, 1930) can be altered by a number of factors. For example, the sex ratio theory predicts variation in
equal investment in each sex when the maternal fitness gains from increased investment differ between sexes. Changing sex
allocation because of changing payoffs may result from different ecological situations, such as foraging conditions. We investigated
the impact of foraging travel cost on relative investment in sons vs daughters. Field studies were carried out with the central-place-foraging
leafcutter bee Megachile rotundata (Fabricius), which has smaller males than females. Therefore, less investment is required to produce a viable son compared
with a daughter. We found that with increased flight distance to resources, females produced a greater proportion of sons.
Females also invested fewer resources in individual sons and daughters and produced fewer offspring with increased flight
distance. 相似文献
192.
193.
194.
Nguyen Thi Yen N. T. K. Oanh Lars Baetz Reutergardh Donald L. Wise Nguyen Thi Thu Lan 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》1996,18(1-4)
An integrated investigation on wastewater characterization and the environmental effects from the COGIDO pulp and paper mill in Bien Hoa Industrial Estate, Vietnam, a chlorine bleached soda integrated pulp and paper mill operating without a chemical recovery system, on the receiving water body was conducted during the rainy and dry seasons in 1993 and 1995. The pollution load from the mill was very high in terms of BOD, COD and SS (CODm: 58.7 t/d; BOD: 33.3 t/d and SS: 25.1 t/d). The effluent toxicity was determined using four toxicity tests: the green micro-alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, Microtox (marine bacteria: Photobacterium phosphoreum), the duckweed, Lemna aequinoctialis, and fish (silver barb: Puntius gonionotus, and Tilapia: Tilapia nilotica). Selenastrum capricornutum was the most sensitive among the tested organisms. The mill toxicity emission rate (TER) was as high as 338 610 (Selenastrum test). The bleaching-pulp and semi-chemical pulp plants which contributed the largest pollution load to the total COGIDO effluent, therefore, were targeted for abatement measures. Physico-chemical parameters as well as qualitative and quantitative aquatic organism composition for the river water were established. The BOD5 and COD values exceeded the potable surface water standard by a factor of 2 to 4. The species diversity and abundance of the phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos were found to be lower (20–40%) than that of unpolluted rivers in Vietnam, whereas pollution-indicator species increased up to four times during the dry season 1995. 相似文献
195.
2003年4月,徐州矿务集团韩桥煤矿-330m水平泵房出现严重的结垢.首先用X-衍射分析仪对水垢成分进行测试,然后对矿井水的水化学和微生物特征分3个不同时段(2003年4月、2003年10月、2004年4月)采样、测试,并利用水质模拟软件PHREEQC计算方解石、文石、白云石的饱和指数.通过综合对比分析,对水泵结垢原因进行了追踪研究.结果表明,水垢主要成分以碳酸盐水垢为主,微生物主要为球菌和杆菌,水泵结垢与微生物无直接关系;矿井停采前,-330m水平水质类型为SO4-Ca-Mg,SO24-质量浓度高达1613·90mg/L,pH=6.71,矿井停采后,2003年4-10月,-330m东巷水质类型变化为SO4-HCO3-Ca-Mg,其中HCO-3、(K Na )质量浓度明显上升,pH值明显上升,尤其在2003年4月达到最高,为8·36.2003年10月-2004年4月,水质类型又变化为SO4-Ca-Mg,pH值下降为6.35~7.02.综合分析认为,矿井地面某造纸厂碱性污水渗漏引起pH值升高是结垢的主要原因. 相似文献
196.
Julia Delingat Franz Bairlein Anders Hedenström 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1069-1078
Behaviour on migration was often suggested to be selected for time-minimising strategies. Current optimality models predict
that optimal fuel loads at departure from stopover sites should increase with increasing fuel deposition rates. We modified
such models for the special case of the east Atlantic crossing of the Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe). From optimality theory, we predict that optimal time-minimising behaviour in front of such a barrier should result in a
positive correlation between fuel deposition rates and departure fuel loads only above a certain threshold, which is the minimum
fuel load (f
min) required for the barrier crossing. Using a robust range equation, we calculated the minimum fuel loads for different barrier
crossings and predict that time-minimising wheatears should deposit a minimum of 24% fuel in relation to lean body mass (m
0
) for the sea crossing between Iceland and Scotland. Fuel loads of departing birds in autumn in Iceland reached this value
only marginally but showed positive correlation between fuel deposition rate (FDR) and departure fuel load (DFL). Birds at
Fair Isle (Scotland) in spring, which were heading towards Iceland or Greenland, were significantly heavier and even showed
signs of overloading with fuel loads up to 50% of lean body mass. Departure decisions of Icelandic birds correlated significantly
with favourable wind situations when assuming a migration direction towards Spain; however, the low departure fuel loads contradict
a direct non-stop flight. 相似文献
197.
Yin-Quan Liu Carlos Bernstein Andra Thiel 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(10):1459-1469
Foraging animals usually keep track of how costly it is to reach new resource patches and adjust patch residence time and
exploitation rate accordingly. There are at least two potential factors, which are not necessarily closely linked, that animals
could measure to estimate costs of traveling: the time the forager needs to reach the next patch and the amount of energy
it has to invest until arrival. In the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens, females forage for hosts from which their offspring can develop. Two different types of this parasitoid exist. The thelytokous
type lives in anthropogenic habitats where flight is not necessarily linked with foraging. The arrhenotokous type lives under
field conditions and shows frequent flight activity. We tested whether the wasps would use time or energy needed to assess
patch availability, by either confining them into vials or letting them travel actively in a flight mill between patch visits.
Our results show that in thelytokous lines, time is a sufficient cue influencing patch exploitation and an additional effect
of the energy needed was not visible. In the arrhenotokous wasps, however, only the number of rounds flown in the mill influenced
subsequent behavior, while mere time spent traveling did not.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
198.
Urbanization decreases species diversity, but it increases the abundance of certain species with high tolerance to human activities.
The safe-habitat hypothesis explains this pattern through a decrease in the abundance of native predators, which reduces predation
risk in urban habitats. However, this hypothesis does not consider the potential negative effects of human-associated disturbance
(e.g., pedestrians, dogs, cats). Our goal was to assess the degree of perceived predation risk in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) through field studies and semi-natural experiments in areas with different levels of urbanization using multiple indicators
of risk (flock size, flight initiation distance, vigilance, and foraging behavior). Field studies showed that house finches
in more urbanized habitats had a greater tendency to flock with an increase in population density and flushed at larger distances
than in less urbanized habitats. In the semi-natural experiment, we found that individuals spent a greater proportion of time
in the refuge patch and increased the instantaneous pecking rate in the more urbanized habitat with pedestrians probably to
compensate for the lower amount of foraging time. Vigilance parameters were influenced in different ways depending on habitat
type and distance to flock mates. Our results suggest that house finches may perceive highly urbanized habitats as more dangerous,
despite the lower number of native predators. This could be due to the presence of human activities, which could increase
risk or modify the ability to detect predators. House finches seem to adapt to the urban environment through different behavioral
strategies that minimize risk. 相似文献
199.
Zakia Parveen Richard Smart Catherine White Shimna Gammack Claire Deacon Malcolm Cresser 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(4):293-314
Calluna vulgaris/peat microcosms have been used in an outdoor simulated acid rain experiment to test a series of hypotheses about sulphuric acid deposition effects upon the growth of Calluna on peat soil, namely: (1) Initially, enhanced acid input will enhance base cation and ammonium concentrations in soil solution. This may enhance uptake of these species, increasing foliar concentrations of base cations and nitrogen, and possibly foliar chlorophyll a and b concentrations. (2) If changes are induced in nutritional status, they may influence plant growth. (3) in the longer term, enhanced ammonium and base cation solubility occurring as a consequence of cation exchange reactions will lead, especially in winter months, to enhanced leaching losses. Hence any positive effects upon plant nutrition will not be sustainable. (4) the peat will acidify significantly over two years, in the shorter term primarily as a consequence of an enhanced mobile anion effect. (5) Acidification may reduce the rate of mineralisation of organic phosphorus and, in a phosphorus-deficient peat soil, this may lead to reduced foliar phosphate concentration and possibly induce phosphorus deficiency. Most of these hypotheses were supported to some extent by the experimental results. the peat soil solution pH fell immediately in response to the acid treatments, and longer-term acidification continued progressively over the two years of the experiment. in the first year, the treatments significantly influenced the calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen status of the leaves from Calluna new shoots, whereas in the second year calcium, potassium and phosphorus were influenced. However, in both years foliar phosphate concentration was enhanced, rather than reduced, in response to increased acid load. Foliar carbon and nitrogen concentrations fell with increasing acidity of 相似文献
200.
A screening was carried out in a river receiving pulp mill discharges (BioBio river, central Chile) to study the bacterial population able to tolerate and degrade chlorophenols. In four selected stations and at different seasons, water samples were taken from the river. Total bacterial population and the number of chlorophenol tolerant bacteria were counted. Bacterial tolerance to 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was determined. Strains able to tolerate at least 400 μg/ml chlorophenols were found. Eighteen bacterial strains able to use chlorophenols as the sole carbon source were isolated: five of them were Pseudomonas fluorescens, two Alcaligenes sp., one Citrobacter freundii, one Aeromonas sp. and nine unidentified Gram negative bacilli. A good correlation (r 2 = 0.758) between the logarithm of DCP tolerant bacteria and the content of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) at low dilution in the river water was established. Four groups of tolerant bacteria were found: growing on PCP and DCP, growing on PCP and TCP, growing only on PCP and growing only on TCP. 相似文献