不锈钢在西太平洋深海环境中腐蚀规律研究

目的 研究不锈钢在西太平洋海域深海环境中的腐蚀规律。方法 采用深海高效串型试验装置对304不锈钢和316L不锈钢在西太平洋深海环境中进行深海实海腐蚀试验,分析不锈钢的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度规律等,研究2种不锈钢在500、800、1 200、2 000 m海深下的腐蚀规律。结果 304不锈钢与316L不锈钢腐蚀质量损失主要由缝隙腐蚀引起,316L不锈钢的腐蚀程度总体上低于304不锈钢,304不锈钢的腐蚀速率低于0.4 mm/a,316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率低于0.25 μm/a。深海环境中,304不锈钢的腐蚀产物主要是α-Fe2O3、γ-FeOOH、γ-Fe2O3,316L不锈钢的腐蚀产物主要是α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、γ-Fe2O3。结论304不锈钢和316L不锈钢在西太深海环境中使用过程中应避免缝隙的形成,降低其发生缝隙腐蚀和点蚀的概率。     

室温低氨氮基质单级自养脱氮颗粒污泥启动效能与污泥特性

室温低氨氮基质条件下单级自养脱氮工艺的启动和稳定运行是该工艺应用于市政污水处理的前提和基础.本研究在气升式反应器中接种久置的PN/A(partial nitritation and ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥,控制温度在(23±2)℃,pH在7. 7～8. 0,以氨氮浓度为70 mg·L~(-1)的人工无机配水为基质,考察单级部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化实现室温启动效能.通过逐级缩短HRT(1. 1 h→0. 9 h→0. 7 h→0. 5 h)提升氮负荷[1. 53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→1. 87 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→2. 40 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→3. 36kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)],逐步恢复AOB、AMX菌活性以及微生物协同效能.经过95 d运行调控,反应器成功启动,NH_4~+-N和TN去除率达85%和69%.根据各阶段污泥性能,严格控制溶解氧,有效抑制NOB.污泥适应环境后,颗粒粒径随负荷提升逐渐增大,最终平均粒径达1. 30 mm.成熟的自养颗粒污泥轮廓光滑清晰,扫描电镜显示,颗粒污泥内部形成空腔,表面有孔隙,污泥形态以球菌为主,并有少量杆菌及短杆菌. EPS主要成分为蛋白质(81. 48%),泥水分离效果较好.     

加载絮体形态对短流程超滤膜污染影响效应

以聚硫酸铁（PFS）为混凝剂,微砂为载体颗粒,系统考察了采用加载絮凝-超滤联用工艺净化含高岭土、腐植酸和锑[Sb（Ⅲ）]的模拟原水过程中,不同PFS和微砂投加量条件下加载絮体形态特性以及其对超滤膜通量衰减、膜污染可逆性和宏观出水水质等的影响,并分析了膜污染机理.结果表明,PFS投加量对絮体形态及膜滤效能和膜污染影响显著,且投加量过少或过多均会产生不利影响,以30mg/L为宜;与不投加微砂的工况相比,加入微砂更易于形成大而结构较为松散的絮体,可有效削弱不可逆膜污染,并获得较为稳定的超滤出水水质;超滤末端膜比通量与絮体平均粒径呈良好的正相关性（R²=0.8774）,但因加载絮凝体系中引起分形维数变大的不同类型颗粒（包括小粒径范围絮体和未被加载絮体捕获的微砂）对超滤净水过程产生的影响各异,致使膜通量与分形维数的负相关性较差（R²=0.5760）.     

基于TEM-EDS对四川盆地大气单颗粒气溶胶的研究

为了解四川盆地大气中单颗粒气溶胶理化特征,分别在该区域典型城市（成都市）和背景地区（峨眉山）进行了大气单颗粒样品采集.基于带能谱的透射电子显微镜（TEM-EDS）对两地累计3923个单颗粒的化学组成、形貌特征及混合状态等进行了全面观测和分析,并对两地颗粒物差异性进行了对比分析.结果发现：两地气溶胶颗粒主要包括有机物、富硫、矿物、烟尘和飞灰/金属颗粒,除了以单独的外混形式存在外,大多数颗粒以两种及两种以上颗粒类型混合（即内混）形式存在.通过对成都市不同污染状况下单颗粒特征对比发现,"污染天"的内混颗粒占比高于"清洁天",分别为74.2%和68.6%;相比"清洁天","污染天"颗粒物粒径分布范围更广且峰值区间更大,表明污染过程中颗粒物的大气混合趋于更强.对比成都市与峨眉山分析结果得知,成都市以内混的有机物-硫颗粒为主导（占比为50.2%）,而峨眉山以外混的有机物颗粒为主导（占比为50.5%）;成都市含硫类颗粒物（如有机物-硫颗粒）贡献高于峨眉山,而峨眉山两种含碳类颗粒（如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒）占比高于成都市;此外,成都市与峨眉山两地大气颗粒物粒径分布范围及峰值区间均存在一定差异,进一步体现了两地颗粒物来源和老化混合的差异.在峨眉山,与非降雨天相比,一些易溶于水的颗粒物（如含硫类颗粒）在降雨天占比明显降低,而源自当地燃烧过程、粒径较小且疏水性强的颗粒物（如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒）占比相应升高.     

The downfall of mating: the effect of mate-carrying and flight muscle ratio on the escape ability of a pierid butterfly

In many species, the ability to evade predators is known to be periodically impaired by increased weight loads due to feeding and reproduction. Not only may extra weight reduce escape speed, but feeding and mating can also make the prey more noticeable to visually hunting predators. A number of butterfly species mate for hours, and if a mating couple is disturbed, one of the butterflies is responsible for flying, whereas its partner remains still. This study investigated the ability of male Pieris napi butterflies to fly while mating, with the prediction that mate carrying impairs flight ability compared to single flying males and that males with relatively high flight muscle ratios (FMR; male thorax mass/male + female body mass) will have better flight performance in copula. Our results clearly show that whereas single males always take off at steep angles and fly upwards, couples invariably have a negative take-off angle and rarely gain height. Moreover, landing height of the couples is positively associated with higher FMR. Hence, male flight ability when in copula is positively associated with a high relative thorax mass. Butterfly pairs may thus be at greater risk of predation as a consequence of their impaired flight ability, especially couples with critically low FMRs (<16%).     

Trans-Sahara migrants select flight altitudes to minimize energy costs rather than water loss

Meteorological conditions influence strongly the energy and water budget of birds. By adjusting their flights spatially and temporally with respect to these conditions, birds can reduce their energy expenditure and water loss considerably. By radar, we quantified songbird migration across the western Sahara in spring and autumn. There autumn migrants face the trade-off between (a) favorable winds combined with hot and dry air at low altitudes and (b) unfavorable winds combined with humid and cold air higher up. Thus, it can be tested whether birds may chose altitudes to minimize water loss instead of energy expenditure. We predicted optimal flight altitudes with respect to water loss and energy expenditure based on a physiological flight model when crossing the western Sahara and compared these model predictions spatially and temporally with measured songbird densities. The model aiming for minimal water consumption predicted a mean flight altitude of 3,400 m under autumn conditions. However, 64% of the nocturnal songbird migration flew at altitudes below 1,000 m above ground level profiting from tailwind. This preference for tailwind in autumn, despite the hot and dry air, emphasizes the importance of energy savings and diminishes the significance of possible water stress for the selection of flight altitude. Nevertheless, during daytime, high energy expenditure due to air turbulences and water loss due to warmer air and direct solar radiation prevent songbirds from prolonging their nocturnal flights regularly into the day. Birds crossing the Sahara save water by nocturnal flights and diurnal rests.     

Diversity of Ontogenetic Pathways in Plant Populations

Population heterogeneity in cespitose, fibrous-rooted, brevirhizomatous, stoloniferous, and tap-rooted herbaceous and woody plants is described. This heterogeneity is caused by the multivariant character of plant ontogeny (i.e., its dimensional, morphological, rhythmological, and temporal multiversality), which is regarded as the main adaptation mechanism operating in plant populations because it provides for the diversity of ontogenetic pathways under different ecological conditions.     

纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus sp.)对镍的吸附、吸收作用及镍对其细胞形态结构影响

纤维藻（Ankistrodesmussp.）对镍毒作用反应敏感,对Ni     

玉米幼苗根系形态对芘污染的响应

采用盆栽试验探讨了玉米（Zea mays L.）根系形态学参数（根质量长度、根质量面积、根质量体积、根平均直径及不同根直径等级分布）对不同浓度芘污染胁迫的响应。较低浓度芘可适当地刺激玉米的生长,高浓度芘处理抑制了玉米的生长,并且抑制作用随芘处理浓度的提高而增强;芘对玉米根系的影响要大于对茎叶的影响。不同浓度芘处理下玉米根系形态学参数发生了显著的变化,与对照相比,芘处理下根直径显著降低,根质量长度、根质量面积和根质量体积显著增大,且随芘处理浓度的提高其效应更显著。     

不同诱导条件对结晶产物形貌特征的影响

在流化床反应器中,以含铜废水为处理对象,重点考察了诱导条件改变对结晶系统运行效率及结晶产物形貌特征的影响。结果表明,进水200 mg/L,进药比([Cu2+]/[CO2-3])1∶1.2,p H为10.2的条件下,铜离子去除率可接近100%,诱导晶种表面平滑,诱导颗粒生长成致密杆状晶体结构,以碳酸盐为沉淀剂的诱导结晶系统依赖于体系的p H,高p H体系下发生的共结晶现象是影响系统运行的主要原因;随着进药摩尔比的增加,结晶产物由短杆状向球状转化,晶体机械强度显著降低大量破碎,影响出水水质;进药比1∶1.2,p H为11的条件下,含铜废水浓度为500 mg/L时,系统去除率可达95%以上,微晶产率低于5%。