挡水物附近污染带的数值模拟研究

拟建崇海公路大桥位于长江口北支上段，东距北支入海口约70km，该河段河床宽浅，沙洲众多，河势多变，长江口潮型属浅海不规则半日潮，桥位附近青龙港平均涨潮历时3．06h，落潮历时9．19h；涨潮平均流速一般大于落潮平均流速。为了分析公路大桥建设对长江海门段流场和浓度场的影响程度和范围，并考虑到该水域水深较浅。低潮时大量露滩的特点，采用基于无结构网格的具有普遍适用性、守恒性、逆风性等优点的有限体积Osher格式建立二维水量、水质数学模型。在桥墩处理上，改变传统的用网格贴合挡水物的方法，直接将桥墩作为陆地边界生成无结构网络。由建桥前后的流速对比图可以发现靠近桥墩的水域流速减小，而墩间流速增大，这与实际情境十分吻合，说明将桥墩作为陆地边界的处理办法是可行的，对比建桥前后的污染带，发现建桥后桥位下游污染带有所减小，但不明显，这与建桥后流场的变化有很大关系。建桥后桥墩起一定阻水作用，涨落潮时桥位下游流速均存在 减小的趋势，而且岸边正好位于桥墩的密集区域，流速减小更为明显，这一区域流速值的减小范围在0.28m/s以内。由于对时间项的离散采用显格式，受计算稳定性的限制，时间步长必须取得很小，从而需要消耗大量计算时间，这是今后模型值得改进的地方。     

大气自动监测校准中气体流量对仪器示值误差的影响及控制

研究了大气自动监测系统中标准气、校准气以及零空气的流量大小引起仪器示值误差及时校准曲线质量的影响,提出了重点控制标气流量是减小仪器示值误差的关键,从而解决了低浓度校准点仪器示值偏低、误差大及校准曲线截距大的技术难点,提高了大气自动监测中多点校准质量和监测结果的准确性.     

香溪河库湾浮游细菌和病毒计数方法比较研究

液氮速冻后转入-80℃保存是流式细胞仪计数浮游细菌及病毒的样品保存之标准条件.以荧光显微镜计数法为参照,利用流式细胞仪对温和冷冻保存(-20℃冷冻2周后转入-80℃保存)的香溪河库湾水样分别计数了浮游细菌和浮游病毒丰度.结果显示,利用流式细胞仪计数香溪河库湾水样中的浮游细菌丰度与荧光显微镜计数法等效(P>0.05);流...     

A review of recent substance flow analyses of phosphorus to identify priority management areas at different geographical scales

The dwindling global reserves of extractable phosphorus (P) and its growing demand to produce the required food for a burgeoning global population (the global P crisis) necessitate the sustainable use of this crucial resource. To advert the crisis requires informed policy decisions which can only be obtained by a better understanding of the nature and magnitude of P flow through different systems at different geographical scales. Through a systematic and in-depth review of twenty one recent substance flow analyses of P, we have assessed the key P inflows, outflows, stocks, internal flows, and recycling flows at the city, regional, and country scales. The assessment has revealed, the main inflow and outflow of P at the city scale occurs through food and wastewater respectively, while the main stock of P occurs in landfill. At the regional scale, mineral ore is the main P inflow and chemical P fertilizer is the main outflow particularly in the regions that have P fertilizer production sector. In contrast, either chemical P fertilizer or animal feed is the key inflow and either food and agricultural products or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching) is the major outflow especially in the regions without P fertilizer production sector. At the country scale, the key P inflow occurs either through mineral ore or chemical P fertilizer and the key outflow takes place either as food and agricultural products, waste (both solid and liquid), or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching). The main stock of P both at the regional and country scales occurs in the soil of the agricultural production sector. As identified in this assessment, the key unproductive outflows and stocks at different geographical scales indicate that there is a potential scope to improve P management through the increased P recovery and recycling, and by the utilization of available soil P stocks. In many of the studies at all the geographical scales, P recycling flow has been found to be less than 20% of the total inflow, and even in some studies at the country scale, P recycling has been found to be entirely absent, which is a clear indication of poor P management. This study has also identified, there is a clear knowledge gap in relation to understanding the P flow over multiple years at the regional scale. The information about the key flows and stocks at different geographical scales as we identified can be utilized to make better P policy and management decisions for a city, region, or country. The information can also be used to guide future research that aims to analyze P flow at the city, regional, and country scales.