CO2倍增条件下不同生育期水稻碳氮磷含量及其计量比特征

生态化学计量比的变化特征在一定程度上可反映植物对环境条件变化适应的本质.本研究利用CO_2连续标记系统模拟大气CO_2体积分数升高(800×10-6)条件,探讨水稻各器官C、N、P含量及其计量比变化的特征.结果表明,CO_2倍增促进水稻各器官生长,并增加了根冠比.在植株生长过程中CO_2倍增可一定程度上降低不同生育期内秸秆全氮(TN)含量,同时使得水稻根系、秸秆和籽粒的C/N比值增大,降低N和提高P的利用效率.多重比较和韦恩图分析表明CO_2体积分数仅对水稻秸秆TN有着显著影响,对水稻养分含量及其计量比特征的变异解释率均为-1. 0%,即几乎不受CO_2倍增影响.在大气CO_2体积分数升高条件下,水稻各器官C、N、P含量及其计量比具有良好的计量学内稳性特征,同时在不同生育期内其计量比变化特征与"生长速率理论"相符.在农田管理措施中,可适当施加氮肥来缓解CO_2体积分数升高带来的养分平衡压力.     

生态修复对浮游植物种群结构的影响

惠州南湖（惠州西湖子湖之一）是典型的亚热带浅水城市湖泊。2007年5月,惠州西湖开展了以水生植被构建和鱼类调控为主的生态系统修复与构建（中试）工程,以控制湖泊富营养化,改善湖泊水质。生态修复后南湖中试区的营养盐含量和富营养化程度有很大的下降．其中TP降低了87．04％,TN下降了64．25％,N：P比由5月份的6．99：1升高到18.32：1。生态修复前浮游植物浮游植物优势种有10种（属）5个门,其中绿藻为优势种群,约占浮游植物总生物量的72．79％。多样性指数为2．03．均匀度为1．095,为富营养化的稳态阶段;生态修复后浮游植物浮游植物优势种有20种（属）6个门,其中隐藻为优势种群,约占总生物量的52．84％,多样性指数为3．58,均匀度为1．113,为清水态型生态系统。生态修复后浮游植物的丰度、生物量以及各种属之间的比例关系发生了较大的变化。通过生态修复工程已经打破了浮游植物的稳态阶段．建立多藻共存的水生态系统．是藻类共存和多样性研究在工程当中一个成功的应用。     

氨氮对稀有鮈鲫胚胎及卵黄囊期仔鱼的毒性效应研究

为探究氨氮溶液暴露对鱼类早期发育阶段产生的毒性,本研究选取中国特有种稀有鮈鲫为试验材料,观察并记录了胚胎至卵黄囊期仔鱼发育过程中一些具代表性的毒理学终点,同时选取了氨转运体蛋白Rhbg基因作为毒性指标,反映暴露在氨氮溶液中的稀有鮈鲫胚胎的Rhbg基因表达变化情况.结果表明,本研究所选取的氨氮溶液暴露影响了胚胎及仔鱼的孵化率、死亡率、心率减缓和心律不齐、未形成功能性的鳔、体长体重的降低以及心包、卵黄囊水肿的发生等多种毒性效应,对其它毒理学终点有较为微弱的影响.氨氮溶液的暴露影响了氨转运体蛋白Rhbg基因的表达变化,特别是在72 h时显著性影响了Rhbg基因的表达变化,Rhbg基因在稀有鮈鲫胚胎时期氨氮转运方面可能有着重要的功能.     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

水培试验下水稻Pb吸收累积关键生育期

水稻不同生育期对Pb的吸收累积差异明显.本研究通过水培试验,分别在水稻不同生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期、蜡熟期和成熟期)和全生育期添加0.5 mg·L~(-1)的外源Pb,以全生育期不添加外源Pb作为对照,研究水稻不同生育期Pb吸收累积的影响,明确水稻吸收累积Pb的关键生育时期及对水稻植株和糙米Pb累积的贡献.结果表明:①单一生育期Pb胁迫处理时,水稻株高和分蘖数差异不明显,而全生育期Pb胁迫处理下水稻株高和生物量均受到明显抑制;②水稻成熟后不同部位的Pb含量差异表现为:根系茎节1其他茎节根基茎茎叶穗轴谷壳糙米;不同生育期处理下糙米Pb含量范围为0.1～1.2 mg·kg~(-1),其顺序为:孕穗期Pb胁迫拔节期Pb胁迫分蘖期Pb胁迫灌浆期Pb胁迫成熟期Pb胁迫蜡熟期Pb胁迫;③水稻植株Pb累积量相对贡献率在水稻生殖生长时期(灌浆期、蜡熟期和成熟期)较大,而水稻地上部位Pb累积量相对贡献率在水稻营养生长时期(分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期)较大;④孕穗期是糙米Pb积累的关键生育期,对糙米Pb累积的相对贡献率为43.3%,其次是拔节期和分蘖期处理,相对贡献率分别为24.4%和21.3%;⑤建议在水稻孕穗期适度采用淹水灌溉、施加改良剂或叶面阻控等技术措施,以降低糙米Pb累积,实现Pb污染稻田安全利用.     

Evaluation of Early Life Stage Fall Chinook Salmon Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium from a Contaminated Groundwater Source

We conducted a laboratory evaluation to assess the risk to early life stage (i.e., eyed egg to swim up) fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) for exposure to hexavalent chromium from a contaminated groundwater source. Local populations of fall Chinook salmon were exposed to Hanford Site source groundwater that was diluted with Columbia River water. Specific endpoints included survival, development rate, and growth. Tissue burdens of fish were also measured to estimate uptake and elimination rates of chromium. Survival, development, and growth of early life stage fall Chinook salmon were not adversely affected by extended exposures (i.e., 98 day) to hexavalent chromium ranging from 0.79 to 260 μg/l. Survival for all treatment levels and controls exceeded 98% at termination of the test. In addition, there were no differences among the mean lengths and weights of fish among all treatment groups. Whole-body concentrations of chromium in early life stage fall Chinook salmon had a typical dose-response pattern; i.e., those subjected to highest exposure concentrations and longest exposure intervals had higher tissue concentrations. Given the spatial extent of chromium concentrations at the Hanford Site, and the dynamics of the groundwater–river water interface, the current cleanup criterion of 10 μg/l chromium appear adequate to protect early life stage fall Chinook salmon. These findings, together with previous research indicate low risk to these populations.     

水解曝气生物滤池处理含油废水的试验研究(水解段)

针对含石油废水的特点,采用"水解-曝气生物滤池"两段式工艺对大庆油田经过滤后的含油废水原水进行处理,考察了水解段的运行效果,确定了水解段工艺的最优工况,并对影响系统运行效果的主要因素进行了深入的试验研究和理论分析。     

利用小麦三叶期毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害的探讨

为探明小麦三叶期幼苗和成熟期籽实产量的Ni毒害效应及其相互关系,实现小麦作物Ni毒害的早期诊断,以春小麦"冀张春3号"为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源Ni对小麦三叶期幼苗生长发育和成熟期籽实产量的影响,并对小麦三叶期和成熟期的生理指标进行相关分析.结果表明,外源Ni投加量100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量和籽实产量无明显下降(p0.05),茎叶中可溶性糖含量(p0.05)和硝酸盐含量(p0.01)增加,茎叶干鲜比值增加;Ni投加量≥100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量、可溶性糖、硝酸盐含量和成熟期籽实产量均明显下降(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶中淀粉和抗坏血酸含量明显增加(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶干鲜比值下降.土壤中各形态Ni与小麦三叶期幼苗中Ni呈显著正相关(p0.01),土壤和幼苗中Ni与茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和籽实产量均呈显著负相关(p0.05或p0.01),表明小麦三叶期幼苗毒害和成熟期籽实产量下降是由作物体内Ni毒害造成的且无观察效应浓度(NOEC)一致;同时试验观察到小麦三叶期幼苗茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量变化与成熟期籽实产量呈显著正相关关系(p0.05或p0.01),表明利用小麦三叶期幼苗Ni毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害是可行的.试验确定外源Ni对小麦成熟期籽实产量的无观察效应浓度为:土壤全Ni含量为139.08 mg·kg~(-1),土壤有效态Ni(DTPA提取)含量为21.59 mg·kg~(-1),小麦茎叶Ni含量为15.37 mg·kg~(-1),小麦根系Ni含量为361.78 mg·kg~(-1).     

从环境规划视角分析中国治污减排与经济发展关系研究

针对从环境规划视角分析中国治污减排与经济发展关系问题,本文从中国“九五”计划之前,探讨了改革开放以来30多年来的治污减排工作,重点探讨了近二十年的五年计划,从五年环境规划的视角分析了中国治污减排从工业“三废”治理、企业达标排放、污染物总量控制到环境质量改善和风险防范的历程,并从治污减排与经济发展演进关系的角度,对各时期治污减排的工作重点,尤其是五年环境保护规划的关注点进行介绍与评述。     

Latitudinal Gradients of Trophics in Ural Macrolepidoptera: The Role of Food Quality

The Macrolepidoptera fauna of the Urals, from the southern to the northern boundary of the forest zone (i.e., from the forest–steppe of the Southern Urals to the forest–tundra of the Polar Urals) has been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that the proportion of Lepidoptera feeding on woody plants, including evergreens, increases in this direction. Among the Heterocera, the proportion of species feeding on graminoids decreases; in the Polar Urals, none of these species is specialized. The food spectrum is particularly variable in noctuids and almost invariable in geometrids and Rhopalocera. It is assumed that foods with a low nutrient value (grasses, mosses, lichens, plant debris, wood, and roots of various plants) prevent Macrolepidoptera species from spreading in the Subarctic region. In the Polar Urals, multiyear developmental cycles and wintering at the larval stage are related to feeding on these types of food.