Technical Procedures for CDM Project Design

The success of CDM depends on active participation of public and private entities. In particular, participation of wide range of private companies is an important factor for the success. In order to promote the participation of private companies in the CDM project activities as project participants, the authors clarify the steps and technical issues involved in the CDM project design procedures in a step-by-step approach. The steps consist of outlining the project plans, identifying project impacts, defining a project boundary, estimating GHG emissions reduction/enhancement of removals, documenting the results of estimation, and designing of monitoring plans. The authors also propose guidance for project participants, especially for those not familiar with the CDM, which provides plain explanation of major technical issues. In order to further develop a complete guideline, it is necessary to integrate the outputs of the ongoing international initiatives concerning technical issues of CDM into the stepwise approach proposed in this paper. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Two‐Stage Ditch Floodplains Enhance N‐Removal Capacity and Reduce Turbidity and Dissolved P in Agricultural Streams

Two‐stage ditches represent an emerging management strategy in artificially drained agricultural landscapes that mimics natural floodplains and has the potential to improve water quality. We assessed the potential for the two‐stage ditch to reduce sediment and nutrient export by measuring water column turbidity, nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations, and denitrification rates. During 2009‐2010, we compared reaches with two‐stage floodplains to upstream reaches with conventional trapezoid design in six agricultural streams. At base flow, these short two‐stage reaches (<600 m) reduced SRP concentrations by 3‐53%, but did not significantly reduce NO₃^? concentrations due to very high NO₃^? loads. The two‐stage also decreased turbidity by 15‐82%, suggesting reduced suspended sediment export during floodplain inundation. Reach‐scale N‐removal increased 3‐24 fold during inundation due to increased bioreactive surface area with high floodplain denitrification rates. Inundation frequency varied with bench height, with lower benches being flooded more frequently, resulting in higher annual N‐removal. We also found both soil organic matter and denitrification rates were higher on older floodplains. Finally, influence of the two‐stage varied among streams and years due to variation in stream discharge, nutrient loads, and denitrification rates, which should be considered during implementation to optimize potential water quality benefits.     

The effectiveness of marine reserve systems constructed using different surrogates of biodiversity

Biological sampling in marine systems is often limited, and the cost of acquiring new data is high. We sought to assess whether systematic reserves designed using abiotic domains adequately conserve a comprehensive range of species in a tropical marine inter‐reef system. We based our assessment on data from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. We designed reserve systems aiming to conserve 30% of each species based on 4 abiotic surrogate types (abiotic domains; weighted abiotic domains; pre‐defined bioregions; and random selection of areas). We evaluated each surrogate in scenarios with and without cost (cost to fishery) and clumping (size of conservation area) constraints. To measure the efficacy of each reserve system for conservation purposes, we evaluated how well 842 species collected at 1155 sites across the Great Barrier Reef seabed were represented in each reserve system. When reserve design included both cost and clumping constraints, the mean proportion of species reaching the conservation target was 20–27% higher for reserve systems that were biologically informed than reserves designed using unweighted environmental data. All domains performed substantially better than random, except when there were no spatial or economic constraints placed on the system design. Under the scenario with no constraints, the mean proportion of species reaching the conservation target ranged from 98.5% to 99.99% across all surrogate domains, whereas the range was 90–96% across all domains when both cost and clumping were considered. This proportion did not change considerably between scenarios where one constraint was imposed and scenarios where both cost and clumping constraints were considered. We conclude that representative reserve systems can be designed using abiotic domains; however, there are substantial benefits if some biological information is incorporated.     

高海拔柴油机两级增压控制研究现状与发展趋势

总结了我国高原气候环境特点,分析了传统废气涡轮增压器存在的弊端与高海拔柴油机两级增压控制研究需求。综述了国内外平原与高原条件下柴油机增压系统及多系统协同控制研究现状,并讨论了其下一步控制系统发展方向。最后,针对柴油机高海拔、全工况的运行特点,指出二级可调增压系统先进控制算法与多系统、多参数协同控制研究为下一步重要发展方向。     

Measuring the Net Economic Value of Recreational Boating as Water Levels Fluctuate1

Abstract: The purpose of this article was to show how the value of recreational boating can be assessed and how that value can be linked to water levels. Data were gathered via a survey of recreational boaters to determine days boated and willingness‐to‐pay (net economic value) for boating on Lake Ontario and on the St. Lawrence River in 2002. Depth measurements were taken at marinas and yacht clubs, boat launch ramps, and private docks. Stage‐damage curves were used to pinpoint at what water levels and to what extent boaters would be impacted. Boaters recreated an estimated 1.3 million days in 2002 and spent an estimated US$178 million in New York counties bordering Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The mean net economic value per day per boat (above current expenditures) was $69.36, with an estimated total net economic value of US$90 million. Using Lake Ontario as an example, the stage‐damage curves show that the overall negative impact would be small, between 245 and 248 ft. Maintaining water levels within that range for the entire boating season would be ideal for Lake Ontario boaters and associated businesses.     

城市灾害综合风险管理的三维模式--阶段矩阵模式

在考虑防灾减灾措施下,构建了城市灾害风险综合评估的框架体系,包括11种城市灾害所对应的风险系统评估后的综合评估,每个系统的评估是在考虑防灾减灾措施下采用信息扩散技术进行的信息处理和评估.在综合评估的基础上提出了由阶段、灾害风险种类和级别组成的城市灾害综合风险管理的三维模式--阶段矩阵模式.它是由3个阶段、6个环节及每个环节的矩阵模式组成.据此,简述了城市灾害综合风险管理的过程是灾前预防矩阵管理、灾前准备矩阵管理、灾中应急矩阵管理、灾中救援矩阵管理、灾后恢复矩阵管理和灾后重建矩阵管理不断循环和完善的过程.最后,用一个虚拟实例说明了阶段矩阵模式的有效性.     

中空纤维膜应用于两段式好氧生物反应器的研究

首先在清水滤过试验的基础上总结了合适的中空纤维膜的预处理方法 ,并对膜进行普通活性污泥的滤过试验 ,测定了在不同操作压力下的滤水通量 ,然后探讨了在两段式好氧生物反应器中用中空纤维膜进行泥水分离的特性。在 10 0d的长期试验中测定有机负荷、CODCr、MLSS等传统参数 ,证实反应器的处理效果 ,同时通过膜通量的变化规律讨论了造成膜污染的原因 ,推荐有效的膜再生方法     

二段净化渣综合利用

通过对二段净化渣浸出锌的试验研究，探索出了二段净化渣处理的最佳工艺技术控制条件，在生产实际中效果良好     

相干结构涡中NOx的初生形态

首次应用六线涡量探针测量了大型电站锅炉四角燃烧器射流形成的涡量场 ,发现了射流向火侧相干结构性质的涡 ,采用兰金复合涡 (RankineVortex)旋涡模型描述了该剪切大涡的尺度及其旋转速度 ,该剪切大涡的涡核半径r0 为 2 5mm ,流体微团作刚体式旋转的角速度为 - 1.5 6× 10 5r min ,应用粒子在相干结构中运动的研究成果以及燃料型NOx 的生成和破坏机理 ,分析了NOx 在相干结构涡中的初生形态 ,射流向火侧剪切大涡的结构里 ,在剪切大涡的边缘会形成富燃料区 ,当过量空气系数α <1时 ,燃料N会尽可能多地转化成挥发分N ,并且在还原性气氛条件下 ,燃料N转变为分子N2 ,由挥发分N生成的NOx 会大大减少 ;在剪切大涡的涡核内 ,是α>1的贫燃料区 ,设法降低过量空气系数α ,可以抑制NOx 的生成     

两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液。系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化，同时进行产甲烷反应，有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解，好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化。启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释，分5次逐步提高进水浓度，启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理。在进水COD浓度从3000mg／L提高到15000mg／L，氨氮浓度从250mg／L提高到1400mg／L时，最终COD去除率稳定在92％左右，氨氮去除率可达99％以上，一级UASB中反硝化率接近100％，回流比为300％时系统总氮去除率为70％～80％。