Stage‐Discharge Relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐Weirs in Un‐submerged Flow Conditions1

Thornton, Christopher I., Anthony M. Meneghetti, Kent Collins, Steven R. Abt, and S. Michael Scurlock, 2011. Stage‐Discharge Relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐Weirs in Un‐submerged Flow Conditions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):169‐178. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00501.x Abstract: Instream rock weirs are routinely placed into stream systems to provide grade control, reduce streambank erosion, provide energy dissipation, and allow fish passage. However, design and performance criteria for site specific applications are often anecdotal or qualitative in nature, and based upon the experience of the design team. A study was conducted to develop generic state‐discharge relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐weirs. A laboratory testing program was performed in which scaled, near‐prototype U‐, A‐, and W‐rock weir structures were constructed in 11 configurations. Each configuration encompassed a unique weir shape, bed material, and/or bed slope. Thirty‐one tests were conducted in which each structure was subjected to a sequence of predetermined discharges that minimally included the equivalent of 1/3 bankfull, 2/3 bankfull, and bankfull conditions. All tests were performed in subcritical, un‐submerged flow conditions. Stage‐discharge relationships were developed using multivariant, power regression techniques for each of the U‐, A‐, and W‐rock weirs as a function of the effective weir length, flow depth, mean weir height, rock size, and discharge coefficient. Unique coefficient expressions were developed for each weir shape, and a single discharge coefficient was proposed applicable to the weirs for determining the channel stage‐discharge rating.     

低温阶段程序升温法对煤氧化过程影响的研究

基于温控方式对煤氧化指标测试的重要性,采用自主研制的煤氧化模拟试验系统,通过与恒温测试法对比煤氧化升温过程中CO的生成量,研究低温阶段程序升温法对煤氧化过程的影响。结果表明:程序升温法能较好地表现出煤的氧化能力,但程序升温会造成煤样罐中温度场分布不均匀,温度梯度逐渐增大,煤体氧化程度不相同。低温条件下,程序升温法对煤氧化过程的影响总体上还比较小,且程序升温法采用程序控制温升,升温连续性好,操作简单,是一种可靠的温控方式,可以替代恒温测试法进行测试,有很好的应用价值。     

Ethnic differences in determinants of participation and non-participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome: A theoretical framework

Objective To develop a theoretical framework for analysing ethnic differences in determinants of participation and non-participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. Methods We applied Weinstein's Precaution Adoption Process (PAP) Model to the decision of whether or not to participate in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. The prenatal screening stage model was specified by reviewing the empirical literature and by data from seven focus group interviews with Dutch, Turkish and Surinamese pregnant women in the Netherlands. Results We identified 11 empirical studies on ethnic differences in determinants of participation and non-participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. The focus group interviews showed that almost all stages and determinants in the stage model were relevant in women's decision-making process. However, there were ethnic variations in the relevance of determinants, such as beliefs about personal consequences of having a child with Down syndrome or cultural and religious norms. Discussion The prenatal screening stage model can be applied as a framework to describe the decision-making process of pregnant women from different ethnic backgrounds. It provides scope for developing culturally sensitive, tailored methods to guide pregnant women towards informed decision-making on participation or non-participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

社会环境道德价值观发展阶段与可持续发展

社会环境道德价值观是人们对人与自然环境道德关系的一种普遍的社会意识，它作为环境意识的核心内容，决定着人们的环境行为取向。当前我国社会环境道德价值观发展正处于从传统人类中心主义向现代人类中心主义的转变阶段。为实现我国可持续发展目标，社会环境道德价值观尚须由现代人类中心主义阶段向生存系统协调论阶段迈进。     

城市群发展阶段的划分与评判——以长株潭和泛长株潭城市群为例

城市群的发展阶段是研究城市群或城市群规划建设中首先需要搞清楚的问题。鉴于目前对城市群发展阶段的划分没有统一标准，综合国内外对城市群发展演化阶段的划分方法，借鉴生命成长规律，把城市群发展划分为雏形发育阶段、快速发育阶段、趋于成熟阶段和成熟发展阶段，并对城市群各发展阶段的特征进行了概述。结合城市群各发展阶段的特征，构建了定性指标与定量指标相结合的城市群发展阶段评判指标体系，并制定了指标评判的界定标准。最后，运用模糊综合评判法和层次分析法，对长株潭城市群与泛长株潭城市群的发展阶段进行了实证评判。评判结果表明，长株潭城市群已处于快速发育阶段，但仍处于快速发育阶段的中前期；泛长株潭城市群仍处于雏形发育阶段，但已处于雏形发育阶段的中期。     

Differential implications of team member promotive and prohibitive voice on innovation performance in research and development project teams: A dialectic perspective

How and when does team member voice facilitate team innovation? Integrating research on member voice and a dialectic perspective of innovation, we advance a model in which team member promotive voice enhances team innovation through team knowledge utilization, whereas team member prohibitive voice enhances team innovation through team reflexivity in a nonlinear fashion. We further propose that the differential effects of team member promotive and prohibitive voice will be stronger at different stages (idea generation vs. idea implementation) of the innovation cycle. Survey data from 78 research and development project teams showed a positive indirect effect between team member promotive voice and team innovation through team knowledge utilization, although this relationship was also mediated through team reflexivity. Moreover, the indirect effect of team member promotive voice on team innovation via team knowledge utilization was stronger for teams in the idea generation stage of team innovation. Results also confirmed a nonlinear indirect relationship between team member prohibitive voice and team innovation via team reflexivity such that the positive effects of team member prohibitive voice tapered off at high levels. Contrary to our expectations, the effects of prohibitive voice held regardless of stage. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Two‐Stage Agricultural Ditch Sediments Act as Phosphorus Sinks in West Michigan

Phosphorus (P) and sediment inputs from agricultural drainage contribute to the development of hypereutrophic conditions in lakes across the world. Two‐stage (2‐S) ditches, an agricultural best management practice gaining acceptance in the Midwestern United States, increase floodplain area within drainage ditches to help capture nutrients and sediment. While denitrification has been shown to increase on 2‐S benches, less is known about their P retention ability. This study assessed the abiotic and biotic P retention of two separate 2‐S ditches compared to their corresponding traditional reaches directly upstream within the Macatawa watershed, located in West Michigan. Soluble reactive P export was significantly reduced in 2‐S baseflow of both ditch systems. Equilibrium P concentration values suggest retention of P within the 2‐S sediment. P was bound within stable fractions in both 2‐S and traditional reaches. An analysis of P stock within the ditches revealed sediment held over 96% of total P (TP) within each reach compared to <4% in bench vegetation and periphyton combined. Turbidity, but not TP, was reduced in one study ditch, whereas TP, but not turbidity, was reduced in the other study ditch. Geomorphic stability may have been responsible for differing P retention between ditches. Ability to retain P appears to be impacted by physical as well as biogeochemical characteristics; hence, structure and age of 2‐S reaches influence P retention.     

基于模糊集合分析的汛期分期方法及其应用

在模糊集合分析理论及一般方法的基础上,充分考虑汛期的发展变化具有的模糊性、随机性和过程性,以及降雨径流响应过程的特征,以汛期正向累计雨量序列及反向累计雨量序列为基础,重新构造出一新的累计雨量序列,并作为汛期划分研究的基本研究对象,提出了出入汛最高标准（ASMAX）的概念以及消除出入汛标准影响的处理方法。最后对于桥水库控制区域汛期的分期规律进行了实际应用研究,研究结果表明：于桥水库控制流域汛期开始于6月11日,结束于9月18日,其中主汛期开始于7月21日,结束于8月4日。这基本符合海河流域主汛期在“七下八上”的统计规律。也表明累计雨量序列在一定程度上可以反应出汛期所具有的过程性,更适合汛期的分期分析。〖     

高店水库试营运期水质变化影响分析

本文以高店水库为例,采用对比分析的方法,结合污染源现状调查,研究了高店水库试营运期间水质在时间上和空间上的变化趋势,并得出高店水库试营运期水质的变化主要与淹没区的土壤污染物有关的结论。     

外源Ni对小麦孕穗期生长发育和成熟期产量的影响及其Ni毒害临界值

为探明小麦孕穗期毒害效应与成熟期籽实产量间的关系,实现中期毒害效应诊断与评价,以春小麦"冀张春3号"为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源Ni对小麦孕穗期植株生长和成熟期籽实产量的影响,并对不同生育期的生理指标进行了相关分析.结果表明,外源Ni会增加小麦孕穗期株高和叶片干质量,减少茎秆和穗干质量,降低成熟期籽实产量,投加Ni量≥100 mg·kg~(-1)时出现明显抑制作用,茎秆、穗干质量和籽实产量均明显下降(p0.05);小麦孕穗期各器官中Ni含量和富集系数由大到小的顺序为:根系穗茎秆叶片,外源Ni会明显增加小麦孕穗期各器官和籽实中Ni含量,其中,小麦穗和籽实中Ni含量和富集系数随Ni投加量的增加均呈二次吸收富集高峰.相关分析结果表明,土壤中各形态Ni含量与小麦孕穗期各器官和籽实中Ni含量均呈显著正相关(p0.05,p0.01),根系和穗中Ni及土壤不同形态Ni含量与茎秆、穗干质量和籽实产量呈显著负相关(p0.05,p0.01),茎秆和穗干质量与籽实产量均呈显著正相关(p0.05).研究提出,利用小麦孕穗期毒害效应突变点指标表征小麦外源Ni毒害临界值是可行的,其毒害临界值指标为:土壤全Ni含量为139.08 mg·kg~(-1),土壤有效态Ni(DTPA提取)含量为21.59 mg·kg~(-1),小麦穗Ni含量为19.17 mg·kg~(-1),小麦根系Ni含量为318.49 mg·kg~(-1).