两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液.系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化,同时进行产甲烷反应,有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解,好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化.启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释,分5次逐步提高进水浓度,启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理.在进水COD浓度从3000 mg/L提高到15000 mg/L,氨氮浓度从250 mg/L提高到1400 mg/L时,最终COD去除率稳定在92%左右,氨氮去除率可达99%以上,一级UASB中反硝化率接近100%,回流比为300%时系统总氮去除率为70%～80%.     

UASBB-两段接触氧化处理规模化猪场废水的中试研究

研究了中试上流式厌氧污泥床生物膜反应器(UASBB)-两段生物接触氧化(BCO)处理规模化猪场废水工艺。结果表明,经过227 d运行,UASBB中成功地实现了同步厌氧氨氧化甲烷化反硝化;两段BCO经45 d成功地挂膜,并控制一段BCO池DO 1.4~1.8 mg/L,实现短程硝化积累NO2--N;耦合UASBB和两段BCO,回流一段BCO的NO2--N,确定最佳外回流比为300%; COD负荷达2.81 kg/(m3·d),中试系统对规模化猪场二级沼液、一级沼液、原水COD的去除率分别为94.7%、93%和96.9%,TN负荷达0.487 kg/(m3·d),去除率分别为84.1%、82.8%和84.7%,NH4+-N负荷达0.293 kg/(m3·d),去除率分别为92%、92.9%和88.5%;出水水质符合《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596-2001)。     

二次采动下沿空留巷围岩变形及其控制研究

针对二次采动下沿空留巷围岩变形控制困难问题,揭示了沿空留巷围岩变形规律,建立了二次采动下沿空留巷围岩变形力学模型,推导出了围岩变形的理论公式,据此分析了围岩变形的影响因素,提出了支护对策,并进行了工程实践。结果表明:围岩变形理论公式与现场实测值基本一致;顶底板移近量以底鼓为主,底鼓量为直接底压曲量与老底挠曲量的最大值;各因素对围岩变形影响程度依次为巷旁支护体宽度、迭加应力集中系数、采高、采深、老底弹性模量。围岩变形控制对策应围绕关键性影响因素进行,据此提出“锚网索+高强度墩柱+老底注浆”耦合支护对策,工程实践表明,沿空留巷围岩变形稳定,得到了有效控制。     

煤氧化-热解进程的增失重阶段与动力学三因子分析

为分析煤氧化-热解进程的增失重阶段与动力学三因子,根据同一氧体积分数、5种不同升温速率下煤氧化-热解的TG-DTG曲线,探讨了煤氧化-热解进程经历的增失重阶段,基于Popescu法计算了不同阶段的动力学三因子。结果表明实验煤样的氧化-热解进程可分为失水失重、氧化增重、燃烧失重和燃尽恒重4个阶段。失水失重、氧化增重和燃烧失重阶段的反应机理分别为Mample单行法则、三维扩散模型和相边界反应的收缩球体模型;活化能分别为54.128 kJ·mol-1、152.252 kJ·mol-1和134.458 kJ·mol-1;指前因子的自然对数分别为16.832 s-1、32.597 s-1和18.365 s-1。     

城市群发展阶段的划分与评判——以长株潭和泛长株潭城市群为例

城市群的发展阶段是研究城市群或城市群规划建设中首先需要搞清楚的问题。鉴于目前对城市群发展阶段的划分没有统一标准,综合国内外对城市群发展演化阶段的划分方法,借鉴生命成长规律,把城市群发展划分为雏形发育阶段、快速发育阶段、趋于成熟阶段和成熟发展阶段,并对城市群各发展阶段的特征进行了概述。结合城市群各发展阶段的特征,构建了定性指标与定量指标相结合的城市群发展阶段评判指标体系,并制定了指标评判的界定标准。最后,运用模糊综合评判法和层次分析法,对长株潭城市群与泛长株潭城市群的发展阶段进行了实证评判。评判结果表明,长株潭城市群已处于快速发育阶段,但仍处于快速发育阶段的中前期;泛长株潭城市群仍处于雏形发育阶段,但已处于雏形发育阶段的中期。     

丰水期乌江上游干流水库-河流体系硫同位素组成

2007年7月对乌江上游河流、乌江干流上的3座不同库龄的梯级水库（洪家渡水库、东风水库、乌江渡水库）表层及垂直剖面水体的可溶性硫酸盐的硫同位素组成进行了研究。在垂直剖面上,洪家渡水库硫同位素值（δ34S）介于+03‰~+31‰,下泄水为-07‰;东风水库δ34S值介于-75‰~-55‰,下泄水为-68‰;乌江渡水库δ34S值介于-43‰~-06‰,下泄水为-29‰。上述结论表明,硫同位素组成变化反映了水库硫的不同来源及生物地球化学过程。不同水库表层和垂直剖面水体的硫同位素平均值有差别,水库表层的硫同位素比值主要受输入水体的控制,垂直剖面由表层向下硫同位素比值偏负,主要是由于生物作用以及有机硫的氧化造成的。     

Stage‐Discharge Relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐Weirs in Un‐submerged Flow Conditions1

Thornton, Christopher I., Anthony M. Meneghetti, Kent Collins, Steven R. Abt, and S. Michael Scurlock, 2011. Stage‐Discharge Relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐Weirs in Un‐submerged Flow Conditions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):169‐178. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00501.x Abstract: Instream rock weirs are routinely placed into stream systems to provide grade control, reduce streambank erosion, provide energy dissipation, and allow fish passage. However, design and performance criteria for site specific applications are often anecdotal or qualitative in nature, and based upon the experience of the design team. A study was conducted to develop generic state‐discharge relationships for U‐, A‐, and W‐weirs. A laboratory testing program was performed in which scaled, near‐prototype U‐, A‐, and W‐rock weir structures were constructed in 11 configurations. Each configuration encompassed a unique weir shape, bed material, and/or bed slope. Thirty‐one tests were conducted in which each structure was subjected to a sequence of predetermined discharges that minimally included the equivalent of 1/3 bankfull, 2/3 bankfull, and bankfull conditions. All tests were performed in subcritical, un‐submerged flow conditions. Stage‐discharge relationships were developed using multivariant, power regression techniques for each of the U‐, A‐, and W‐rock weirs as a function of the effective weir length, flow depth, mean weir height, rock size, and discharge coefficient. Unique coefficient expressions were developed for each weir shape, and a single discharge coefficient was proposed applicable to the weirs for determining the channel stage‐discharge rating.     

火灾早期特性试验台的设计和概况

火灾早期是整个火灾过程中最重要的环节。对火灾早期特性的研究有助于了解火灾发生、发展的机理,为火灾早期探测提供科学依据,并为火灾风险评估提供实验数据。本文介绍了火灾早期特笥试验台的设计思想和实现概况,指出了火灾早期特性试验台的功能及其在为科学研究中的应用前景。     

Optimising herbicide dose: a straightforward approach to reduce the risk of side effects of herbicides

Public concern of possible effects of pesticides on human health and the environment has lead to an increased pressure on farmers to optimise their use of pesticides. Reducing pesticide doses below the recommended doses whenever possible is a straightforward approach to reduce the risk of adverse side effects. To adopt this approach decision-making has to be improved. The parameters to consider optimising herbicide doses are: weed flora and growth stage, crop competitiveness, climatic conditions, application technique, formulation/adjuvant and combination with other pesticides. In Denmark this information is provided to farmers through the decision support system ‹Plant Protection Online’. Based on input on weed species and densities, climatic conditions, soil type, crop cultivar and expected yield ‹Plant Protection Online’ will provide farmers with optimum herbicide solution usually with doses lower than standard recommended doses.