三峡库区巫山段三期蓄水前后水质状况及其变化趋势研究

根据长江巫山段六个断面2005年和2007年枯、平、丰的水质监测结果,通过对培石断面2005年和2007年的对比,可以看出三期蓄水前后长江水质比较稳定,仍为Ⅱ类水质。通过对2005年和2007年培石断面的各实测指标比较分析可以看出DO、CODMn、BOD5、TP指标2007年均出现不同程度的下降,而NH3-N、TN则呈现升高的趋势。但各支流由于受干流回水顶托影响,水环境趋于复杂,部分河段出现水华现象,需引起高度重视。     

固定化微生物脱氮技术

在废水生物脱氮中 ,利用载体固定、形成颗粒污泥等固定化微生物技术可在增加生物脱氮速度、节省碳源、减少后曝气等方面提供有效的方法 ,并实现单级生物脱氮     

Irrigation Water Allocation Using an Inexact Two‐Stage Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Input under Climate Change

Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment.     

Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows,Pimephales promelas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L^?1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.     

印染废水处理提标小试研究

利用"水解酸化+强化好氧+深度处理"的工艺技术方案开展印染废水小试研究。在工艺前端采用混流式和升流式两级水解酸化池,后续在曝气池投加活性焦载体,提高污泥浓度,强化好氧池处理能力,最后对生化出水加药混凝,并用生物活性焦滤池进行深度处理。结果表明,该处理工艺适宜处理印染废水,处理效果达到处理提标要求。     

好氧-缺氧-闲置运行模式处理生活污水

在3个序批式反应器中,利用好氧-缺氧-闲置的运行模式处理实际生活污水,比较了不同曝气时间（2、3和4h）条件下的处理效果,结果表明,在R2（2 h）反应器中成功实现了单级好氧除磷和内聚物驱动的短程硝化反硝化。采用此反应器运行模式,对实际生活污水进行长期处理,反应器的COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为85.29%、74.09%和87.97%。本研究表明,在好氧-缺氧-闲置的运行模式下处理生活污水,能成功地实现单级好氧除磷与内聚物驱动的短程硝化反硝化的结合,并且在长期运行的过程中,能稳定地取得较好的脱氮、除磷效率。     

Chromatographic fingerprinting as a means to predict degradation mechanisms

The degradation products of polymers are identifiable by chromatography. The degradation product patterns (or fingerprints) formed depend on the type of polymer, the degradation mechanism(s), and also the type of additive present in the material. The chromatographic fingerprint of biotically aged degradable low-density polyethylene (i.e., LDPE+starch+prooxidant) shows, in particular, the absence of low molecular weight carboxylic acids, which suggests an assimilation of these carboxylic acids by the microorganisms. The degradation products of natural polymers are usually intermediates that are used again in the anabolic cycles. It is possible to transfer the terminology from the natural polymers, where the catabolism of natural polymers consists of three stages, and apply this also to the degradable synthetic polymers. During stage I the natural polymers degrade to their major building blocks (e.g., amino acids, glycerol, hexoses, pentoses, etc.), during stage II these products are collected and converted to a smaller number of even simpler molecules [e.g., acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA)]. In stage III, finally, the acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, where energy is gained in parallel with the release of CO₂ and H₂O.Presented at the international workshop,Polymers from Renewable Resources and their Degradation, Stockholm, Sweden, November 10–11, 1994.     

香港的策略性污水排放计划及其进展

为了保障香港市民的身体健康,保护鱼类及其他海洋生物并提高维多利亚港的水质,必须对香港的150万m3/d污水采取处理措施,介绍了策略性污水排放计划的产生及一期工程的进展情况.     

内蒙古河套灌区春小麦苗期生态系统CO2通量变化研究

在内蒙古河套灌区用连续自动采样箱的方法对不同施肥方式下的春小麦生态系统CO2净交换(NEE)进行观测,发现苗期(出苗-拔节期)春小麦生态系统主要是一个CO2净交换逐渐增大,固定碳逐渐增加的过程.在速效肥条件下,春小麦生态系统苗期CO2净交换的变化为-390.20～901.25 mg·m-2·d-1,日呼吸量在-800.35～-5865.22 mg·m-2·d-1;缓释肥负荷下CO2净交换变化为-206.00～1258.36 mg·m-2·d-1,日呼吸量在-407.02～-4986.52mg·m-2·d-1."-"表示从生态系统中丢失碳.从CO2净交换中减去生态系统的呼吸速率就得到植物的光合速率.采取缓释的施肥方式可以减少苗期CO2释放.此外,用气象因子包括瞬时光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和土壤温度等对光合速率和呼吸速率构建简单的模型去模拟CO2通量的变化速率.结果表明,PAR与大气温度和10cm土壤温度分别是制约苗期春小麦生态系统呼吸和光合速率的主要因素.     

利用日本青鳉早期发育阶段暴露评估排水的急、慢性毒性和内分泌干扰效应

提出一套利用日本青鳉胚胎-幼鱼阶段生长、形态学改变和雌雄比例变化的指标体系评价排水的毒性和内分泌干扰效应的方法.该方法属于活体动物的短期和部分生命阶段暴露测试,整个实验周期为21 d,测试过程不依赖复杂的仪器设备,操作简单、成本低.通过在北京市污水、工业废水及其经过生物处理后的排水进行测试,表明其能够比较准确判断排水中是否存在急性毒性、致畸和内分泌干扰效应物质.将其应用于评价不同深度处理工艺出水毒性效果,结果表明反渗透工艺能够去除大部分毒性物质.