螯合型表面活性剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰改性的研究

以垃圾焚烧飞灰的高附加值资源化和稳定化为目标,研究了螯合型表面活性剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰改性活化和对重金属的稳定螯合效果.通过活化指数和红外光谱分析,在改性剂用量7.0mL/100g飞灰、改性时间15min和改性温度75℃的条件下,ACS1改性飞灰的活化指数可达95%以上.美国环保局固体废弃物浸出毒性试验表明,螯合型表面活性剂对飞灰中重金属具有较强的束缚能力.     

工业燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰的汞吸附特性

为探究燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰汞的吸附特性,利用固定床汞吸附装置,对立式煤粉沉降炉不同模拟烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附特性进行了研究,重点考察了烟气循环比例、煤种、关键燃烧气体组分等因素的影响.结果表明:①烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附能力明显优于非烟气循环工况（空气燃烧）条件下形成的飞灰,并且随烟气循环比例的增加,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.褐煤在净烟气循环比例为60%、40%、20%的条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附量分别是非烟气循环条件下的3.0、2.3和1.6倍.②烟气循环引起燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）与ρ（NO）的变化会影响飞灰的物化特性及其汞吸附性能.随燃烧氛围中ρ（SO₂）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量先增后减.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（NO）为803 mg/m3条件下,ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3时褐煤与烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高（分别为0.45和0.75 μg/g）,分别较ρ（SO₂）为1 428和4 286 mg/m3时提高了25%~300%和53%~78%.随燃烧氛围中ρ（NO）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3条件下,ρ（NO）为1 205 mg/m3时褐煤和烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高,分别较ρ（NO）为803和402 mg/m3时提高了1.2~3.6和1.1~1.6倍.③飞灰中UBC（未燃尽碳）、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃可促进飞灰对汞的吸附.与褐煤飞灰相比,烟煤飞灰表现出更优的汞吸附性能,与UBC、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃在飞灰中的含量存在一定的正相关性.研究显示,烟气循环方式下飞灰汞吸附特性发生明显变化,煤质的合理选择、烟气循环比例、循环气体成分及浓度参数的优化控制可显著改善燃煤锅炉烟气中汞的排放控制效果.      

Interaction mechanisms of organic contaminants with burned straw ash charcoal

Black carbons(e.g.,charcoal) have a great impact on the transport of organic contaminants in soil and water because of its strong affnity and ubiquity in the environment.To further elucidate their interaction mechanism,sorption of polar(p-nitrotoluene,m-dinitrobenzene and nitrobenzene) and nonpolar(naphthalene) aromatic contaminants to burned straw ash charcoal under different de-ashed treatments were investigated.The sorption isotherms fitted well with Freundlich equation,and the Freundlich N values were all around 0.31-0.38,being independent of the sorbate properties and sorbent types.After sequential removal of ashes by acid treatments(HCl and HCl-HF) ,both adsorption and partition were enhanced due to the enrichment of charcoal component.The separated contribution of adsorption and partition to total sorption were quantified.The effective carbon content in ash charcoal functioned as adsorption sites,partition phases,and hybrid regions with adsorption and partition were conceptualized and calculated.The hybrid regions increased obviously after de-ashed treatment.The linear relationships of Freundlich N values with the charring-temperature of charcoal or biochar(the charred byproduct in biomass pyrolysis) were observed based on the current study and the cited publications which included 15 different temperatures(100-850°C) ,10 kinds of precursors of charcoal/biochar,and 10 organic sorbates.     

Effects of Acidification and its Mitigation with Lime and Wood Ash on Forest Soil Processes: A Review

Anthropogenic acid deposition causes forest soil acidification and perturbation of the soil forming processes. The impact of soil acidification on tree growth is discussed in view of the role of mycorrhizal fungi in weathering and nutrient uptake. A review has been carried out of experiments involving treatments of forest soil by lime and wood ash, where soil properties and soil solution composition have been investigated. Results from these experiments in Europe and North America are summarized. In general, the content of C in the mor layer decreased as a result of treatment due to higher microbial activity and soil respiration as well as increased leakage of DOC. In addition, the content of N in the mor layer, in general, decreased after treatment and there are occasional peaks of high NO₃concentrations in soil solution. In nearly all reviewed investigations the pH of the deep mineral soil solution decreased and Al, SO₄and NO₃concentrations increased after treatment. These effects are probably due to the high ionic strength and increased microbial activity as a consequence of the treatments. In the soil, pH, CEC and base saturation increased in the upper horizons, but decreases in the upper mineral soil are also reported. In general, there was no increase in tree growth as a result of these treatments. The positive effects of the treatments on soil processes and tree growth are therefore questionable. In view of these conclusions, an investigation was carried out on the soil and soil solution chemistry and the role of mycorrhizal fungi in a spruce stand treated with two doses of lime and another treated with lime/ash in southern Sweden. The results of this investigation is reported in this volume.     

Effects of metal cations on sorption-desorption of p-nitrophenol onto wheat ash

The mutual e ects of metal cations (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+) and p-nitrophenol (NP) on their adsorption desorption behavior onto wheat ash were studied. Results suggested that Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ diminished the adsorption and increased the desorption of NP remarkably, while Cd2+ had no such e ect. In contrast, NP diminished the adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ onto ash, however, this suppression e ect depended on the initial concentrations of metal cations. NP had no e ect on Cd2+ adsorption on ash. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies suggested the following mechanisms responsible for the metal suppression e ect on NP adsorption: (1) large hydrated Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ shells occupied the surface of ash and prevent nonspecific adsorption of NP onto ash surface; (2) Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ may block the micropores of ash, resulting in decreased adsorption of NP; (3) complexation of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ was likely via carboxyl, hydroxylic and phenolic groups of wheat ash and these same groups may also react with NP during adsorption. As a “soft acid”, Cd2+ is less e cient in the complexation of oxygencontaining acid groups than Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+. Thus, Cd2+ had no e ect on the adsorption of NP on wheat ash.     

固化飞灰形状及填埋方式对重金属浸出的影响

为探究成型形状和填埋方式对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化体中重金属浸出的影响,设置固化体尺寸分别为10×10×10cm、10×10×2.5cm、DN=3cm（球）,同时设置码放、散乱堆放2种填埋方式进行动态浸出试验.结果表明,在固化体开裂前,球状与长方体、整齐码放与散乱堆放的浸出液pH值存在显著差异;单位质量固化体重金属Pb、Zn、Cr累积浸出量随固液接触面积、堆填散乱度、液固比的增大而增加,固化稳定化飞灰中重金属的浸出符合缩芯模型且主要由扩散过程控制,试验前段Pb、Zn、Cr的2种速率常数与固化体成型比表面积、堆填散乱度、液固比正相关.因此,要减少生活垃圾焚烧厂原灰中重金属的浸出,提高生活垃圾填埋场共处置飞灰固化稳定化产物的安全性,固化体成型时应尽量缩小比表面积同时避免散乱填埋.     

不同垃圾焚烧炉产生的PCDD/Fs和PCBs同类物的分布

要应用高分辨气相色谱一质谱联用技术，测定了3种垃圾焚烧炉产生的飞灰中17种PCDD／Fs和12种共平面PCBs的浓度及毒性当量，比较了PCDD／Fs和PCBs同类物分布的差异．结果表明，流化床焚烧炉和炉排焚烧炉产生的PCDD／Fs多于PCBs，而气化熔融焚烧炉产生的PCBs多于PCDD／Fs；产生的PCBs对总毒性当量的贡献都比较小；3种焚烧炉产生的PCDD／Fs同类物具有相似的浓度分布；流化床焚烧炉和炉排焚烧炉产生的PCBs同类物具有相似的浓度分布，而气化熔融焚烧炉产生的PCBs同类物分布与其他两种焚烧炉差别较大．     

In vitro genotoxicity of fly ash leachate in earthworm coelomocytes

Fly ash is the major coal combustion byproduct from thermal power plants. Considering its plant–nourishing constituents, its soil amendment in farmland is one of its promoted disposal methods. A substantial amount of heavy metals present in fly ash, which may leach out due to rainwater or irrigation water, may cause serious problem with long term use, especially to soil organisms. These metals may cause DNA damage through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. In the present study, single cell gel electrophoresis [(SCGE) i.e., comet assay] was used to detect DNA damage in earthworm (Dichogaster curgensis) coelomocytes, following an in vitro exposure. Significant DNA damage was observed at the lowest concentration of fly ash leachate (6.25%) examined. DNA damage by all the tested concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) differed significantly (p?<?0.001) from that of the negative control. Hence, long-term application of fly ash might prove harmful for earthworm populations.     

用若干固体废弃物改良土壤的可行性研究

合理利用粉煤灰、水库淤积物和污泥三种废弃物对保护环境有重要意义。选择干旱半干旱地区 ,联合施用上述三种废物进行土壤改良 ,兼有建设生态环境的作用。盆栽试验结果表明 :粉煤灰、水库淤积物、污泥按适当比例配合施用 ,对改良贫瘠土壤、促进植物生长有明显效果。     

焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属迁移特性中试研究

通过中试试验研究垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的迁移特性,着重研究重金属在熔渣中的固化效果,考察了温度（1 290℃、1 320℃、1 360 ℃）、助熔剂（10 %的玻璃粉）、冷却方式（水冷、空冷）对重金属固定率的影响.结果表明,温度的提高使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的固定率都有一定的提高;加入10%的玻璃粉使各种重金属的固定率都有显著提高,只有Zn例外;对Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni,空气冷却方式下的重金属固定率比水冷方式下的高.