路旁土壤公路源重金属含量空间分布数值模型的探讨

公路源重金属产生后,赋存于大气颗粒物中,随颗粒物在大气中迁移沉降,最终沉降于路旁土壤中.本研究通过对公路源重金属迁移机理的分析,以高斯污染物扩散模型为基础,构建公路源重金属在路旁土壤中空间分布的数值模型,并用G310国道杏花营断面路旁土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)含量空间分布实测数据对模型预测能力进行验证.结果表明:土壤Cr和Cu含量呈指数分布,土壤Cd、Ni、Pb和Zn含量呈偏态分布,指数分布实质上是偏态分布的峰值十分接近路基的一种特例.研究表明,本文构造的数值模型可以较好地拟合上述两种路旁土壤重金属空间分布形式,模拟情景数n的取值越大,模拟结果越准确.     

Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from southwest China

To identify the concentrations and sources of heavy metals, and to assess soil environmental quality, 63 soil samples were collected in Yibin City, Sichuan Province, China. Mean concentrations of As, Pb, Zn, and Cu were 10.55, 61.23, 138.88 and 56.35 mg/kg, respectively. As concentrations were comparable to background values, while Pb, Zn, and Cu concentrations were higher than their corresponding background values. Industrial areas exhibited the highest concentrations of As, Pb, Zn, and Cu, while the lowest concentrations occurred in parks. Statistical analysis was performed and two cluster groups of metals were identified with Pb, Zn, and Cu in one group and As in the other. Spatial distribution maps indicated that Pb, Zn, and Cu were mainly controlled by anthropogenic activities, whereas As could be mainly accounted for by soil parent materials. Pollution index values of As, Pb, Zn, and Cu varied in the range of 0.24-1.93, 0.66-7.24, 0.42-4.19, and 0.62-5.25, with mean values of 0.86, 1.98, 1.61, and 1.78, respectively. The integrated pollution index (IPI) values of these metals varied from 0.82 to 3.54, with a mean of 1.6 and more than 90% of soil samples were moderately or highly contaminated with heavy metals. The spatial distribution of IPI showed that newer urban areas displayed relatively lower heavy metal contamination in comparison with older urban areas.     

农药企业场地土壤中苯系物污染风险及管理对策

苯系物主要包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯和苯乙烯等,是一类重要的环境污染物,可以通过呼吸道、消化道和皮肤等进入人体,对人体产生健康危害.采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用对河北省3个代表性农药企业场地内外土壤的苯系物进行分析,研究了土壤中苯系物的污染特征与健康风险.结果表明,A、B、C这3个企业场地土壤中的苯系物,除苯和苯乙烯外,甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯均有检出.苯系物总含量分别在673.50~32363.50 ng·g-1、nd~6 461.80 ng·g-1、461.70~8 740.80ng·g-1之间.检出的甲苯和乙苯含量(4619.50~7234.30 ng·g-1和364.60~7944.60 ng·g-1)超过加拿大工业用地指导值(370 ng·g-1和82 ng·g-1),场地A生产区灰尘中二甲苯含量甚至超过荷兰土壤干预值(17000 ng·g-1).对于场地外,区域Ⅰ(A周边)和区域Ⅱ(B、C周边)土壤苯系物浓度分别在nd~645.81 ng·g-1和nd~309.13 ng·g-1之间,均低于加拿大农业用地指导值.A、B、C场地内土壤中苯系物非致癌风险分别在2.90E-06~1.32E-04、nd~4.30E-05、1.29E-06~5.64E-05之间,远小于1,说明各场地土壤苯系物不存在明显的非致癌风险.场地外区域Ⅰ和Ⅱ苯系物的总非致癌风险分别在nd~2.02E-06和nd~1.10E-06之间,远低于1,同时也低于对应场地内非致癌风险的平均值.苯系物非致癌风险较高的区域主要集中在场地的下风向,此外,村庄和城镇周边土壤苯系物的非致癌风险略高于其他区域.整体来看,各场地内土壤和灰尘已受到不同程度的污染,场地外的农业用地环境质量也有所下降.据此,提出了企业环境管理和职工安全防护的具体对策建议.     

长期石油污染对盐碱化土壤中微生物群落分子生态网络的影响

长期石油污染改变了土壤微生物群落组成,降低了群落多样性,对生态系统造成严重的威胁.为了探讨长期石油污染对盐碱化土壤中微生物物种间相互作用关系的影响,采集胜利油田石油污染土壤和未污染土壤,利用随机矩阵方法构建分子生态网络.结果发现,污染土壤和未污染土壤中微生物功能基因组的分子生态网络存在显著差异(P0.001).与未污染土壤相比,污染土壤的网络节点数、连接数、平均连通度、模块数和模块性都显著降低,说明在石油污染的影响下土壤微生物网络拓扑结构发生变化;污染土壤和未污染土壤的模块枢纽基因、连接器基因均没有重叠,模块枢纽基因和连接器基因的网络拓扑角色发生了变化.通过构建烷烃、多环芳烃降解基因网络,发现负相互作用的比例较大,这可能反映了微生物功能群落间的竞争关系.     

Assessment of selenium pollution in agricultural soils in the Xuzhou District, Northwest Jiangsu, China

Xuzhou City is an important base for coal production and coal-fired power. To evaluate selenium contamination in this area, we sampled agricultural soil, soil profile, irrigation water, bedrock, coal, fly ash, paddy rice, and vegetables from the north of Xuzhou City, and determined their selenium contents. The background level of selenium in the soil profile was 0.08 mg/kg. The selenium concentrations in agricultural soils and irrigation water were in the range of 0.21-4.08 mg/kg and 0.002-0.29 mg/L, respec...     

Bacterial diversity in Fez tanneries and Morocco’s Binlamdoune River, using 16S RNA gene based fingerprinting

The response of bacteria to various carbohydrates in the deep-sea sediments and the Antarctic soils was investigated using cellulose, chitin, and olive oil. It was found that the carbohydrates significantly increased the corresponding specific ectoenzyme activity (β- glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, lipase) in the samples from deep-sea sediments. In the case of Antarctic soil samples, the cellulose or olive oil amendments had minor or no effect on β-glucosidase or lipase activity, except the chitin which stimulated β- N-acetylglucosaminidase production. The responses of the bacteria in the deep-sea sediment sample WP02-3 and the Antarctic soil sample CC-TY2 towards the chitin amendment were further analyzed. Chitin amendments were shown to stimulate the ectoenzyme activity in all the tested sediments and the soils. The bacterial response before and after the carbohydrates amendments were compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction. Significant changes were found in the structure and density of the bacterial community in the deep sea sediments as compared to the Antarctic soil sample, where the effects were relatively lower. There was no change in the bacterial population in both studied samples in response to carbohydrates amendments. These data indicate that the bacterial communities in the oligotrophic deep-sea sediments are more dynamic than that in the Antarctic soils as they respond to the nutrient sources efficiently by regulation of ectoenzyme activity and/or changing community structure.     

长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤多氯联苯空间分布特征

在面积为27 km² 的长江三角洲某典型污染地区用GPS定位系统布设了191个取样点,采用GC-ECD法测定了表层农田土壤16种多氯联苯组分及含量.统计结果表明,该典型区农田土壤16种多氯联苯总量变化范围是0.01～484.5 ng/g, 平均值是35.52 ng/g,而且以三氯和四氯联苯为主（占55.7%）,同时也含有一定比例的五氯和六氯联苯（占44.3%）.空间分析发现,该区农田土壤中PCBs总量及其各同系物在所研究的尺度上存在较强的空间自相关格局,其PCBs的空间分布模式主要可能受到一些较为分散的人为因素影响,应重点对当地这些人为活动排污行业进行整治,以消除污染来源.     

三峡入库河流澎溪河回水区消落带与岸边土壤磷形态及其分布特征研究

应用沉积物中磷形态的分级提取法对三峡入库河流澎溪河回水区消落带和岸边土壤不同形态P进行分级测定,分析了各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与样品理化性质.结果表明,消落带土壤总磷含量在283.3～3281.6mg.kg-1之间,平均为780.6mg.kg-1,岸边土壤中总磷含量在395.0～1751.5mg.kg-1之间,平均含量...     

典型山核桃产区土壤重金属空间异质性及其风险评价

山核桃(Carya cathayensis)是我国特有的高档干果和木本油料植物,目前关于山核桃林地土壤重金属污染研究鲜有报道.本研究以典型山核桃产区临安为研究区,系统采集了188个山核桃土壤样品,采用地统计学以及Moran's I等空间分析方法研究土壤重金属的空间异质性,并对山核桃林土壤重金属潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr平均含量分别为0.37、40.76、87.61、30.10、28.33、56.57 mg·kg-1,其中Cd、Cu平均值分别是背景值的1.33和2.87倍.单因子污染指数、内梅罗污染指数及潜在生态风险评价结果显示研究区土壤重金属均有样点超过土壤背景值,且Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni有部分样点超过土壤环境质量二级标准,表明研究区土壤已具有Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr不同程度的累积特征,局部土壤已受到Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni的污染,其中Cd最为严重,达到了强生态危害程度,Cu次之,总体上重金属呈中等生态危害程度.基于半方差函数分析得出,Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr具有强烈的空间自相关,而Zn属于中等空间相关性.Moran's I指数以及克里格插值结果揭示重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr均存在明显的空间分布格局和局部空间聚集现象,高值主要集中在太阳、岛石、清凉峰、河桥以及湍口几个乡镇,且以重金属Cd、Cu污染风险概率较高.土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr高值分布主要与矿区开采有关,而Pb与钾肥的施用密切相关.可见,研究区重金属空间分布特征受人为活动影响明显.     

芦苇根系对土壤中石油污染物纵向迁移转化的影响

对大庆油田受到落地原油污染的土壤剖面进行取样测定,研究了芦苇根系对石油类污染物质在土壤中纵向分布特征及迁移转化的影响.结果表明,芦苇根系的存在能够促进土壤中石油类物质的降解转化和向下迁移,导致土壤中的含油量纵向分布特征有别于无植物土壤:10cm深度处的有植物土壤含油量显著低于无植物土壤,而70cm深度上则相反.芦苇根系对烷烃组分迁移降解的促进作用最大,其中对碳原子数为23～27的正构烷烃的作用最为明显.