植物生物技术在黑麦草遗传改良中的应用

黑麦草是重要的牧草和草坪草,是畜牧业和草坪业重要的产业支柱.由于高度自交不亲和,传统遗传改良困难而复杂.生物技术尤其是转基因技术为其遗传改良带来希望.本文概述了组织培养技术、基因遗传转化技术、分子标记及数量性状基因定位、分子标记辅助育种等技术在黑麦草遗传改良中的应用及获得的成果;评述了遗传改良的重要意义,以及黑麦草遗传改良的主要目标,如品质改良、提高病害抗性、降低毒性生物碱浓度、控制花粉致敏性、抗除草剂品种的培育、提高抗逆性及其作为生物反应器的潜在应用价值等;并分析了功能基因组学的研究及RNA干扰技术在黑麦草研究中可能的应用前景.     

Application of function analysis to bathing areas in the Maltese Islands

On a small island such as Malta where many developers and policy makers place a large emphasis on social use and develoment values, which encourages recreational/industrial development, it is often hard to promote the monetary value of coastal conservation due to strong competition with the large tourism industry. An assessment of the ecological (conservation) and economic (use/development) values of four popular Maltese bathing areas (Mellieha, St. George’s, Ramla and Ghajn Tuffieha Bay) was carried out by evaluating their ability to provide a number of functions. This is dependent on the environments’ inherent characteristics within the context of locally applicable time and space functions. Function Analysis is an innovative technique able to provide a means for assessing changes in environmental quality of an area and evaluating the sustainability of applied management regimes. This paper is a first example of an application of the Functional Analysis approach in Malta. Local application of this technique indicates a need for additional refinement in application to coastal areas. Analysis showed that St. George’s, had the lowest conservation value, Ramla and Ghajn Tuffieha bay had the highest conservation values, Mellieha Bay had high conservation value and use/development potential. In this context, conservation value is understood to reflect values of biodiversity, information/knowledge and environmental quality.     

The function of hatching asynchrony in the blue-footed booby

The blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) commonly hatches two eggs 4 days apart; then the senior (first-hatched) chick aggressively dominates the other and sometimes kills it. Two hypotheses explaining the function of the hatching interval were tested by creating broods with synchronous hatching: the facultative brood reduction hypothesis of Lack (1954) and the sibling rivalry reduction hypothesis of Hahn (1981). The results contradicted most predictions of both hypotheses: synchronous broods formed an aggressive hierarchy similarly to asynchronous broods (controls), and subordinate chicks grew poorly (Fig. 1) and died frequently, similarly to junior chicks in control broods. However, compared with synchronous broods, asynchronous broods showed less aggression (Fig. 2), diminished food allocation to subordinate chicks (Fig. 3) and less total food consumption (30% fewer feeds at age 0–10 days). These behavioral comparisons took into account the different ages of chicks in different treatments. The results suggest that natural asynchrony makes brood reduction more efficient and decreases the costs of sibling aggression to parents, in terms of their future survival or fecundity, as proposed by Mock and Ploger (1987). Further, in exaggeratedly asynchronous broods (8-day hatch interval) junior chicks suffered more aggression (Fig. 4) and grew more slowly than junior chicks in control broods. This result supports the hypothesis of optimal hatch asynchrony of Mock and Ploger (1987).     

物元分析在水质污染综合评价中的应用

本文首次提出一种用物元分析进行水质污染综合评价的新方法．该方法将水质级别、评价项目及其特征值作为物元，根据水质分级标准建立关联函数，通过计算综合关联度判断水质级别．用实例与其它方法进行了对比，结果完全一致．该方法计算简便，评价合理，实用性强，具有推广价值．     

省级清洁生产中心职能定位思考

在对省级清洁生产中心的职能渐变过程进行总结的基础上,将其当前主要职能定位为:开展评估验收工作、审核咨询机构及其从业人员的管理、相关政策法规的在研究与制定、清洁生产相关宣传培训4项工作内容。省级清洁生产中心职能定位的明确,不仅有益于的其自身建设,从而更好地为清洁生产管理服务;同时,也有助于进一步提升了省级清洁生产管理工作的全面性和规范性。     

清洁生产审核中咨询机构的作用及能力建设

阐述了清洁生产审核的有效性、创新性和规范性,分析了清洁生产咨询机构在清洁生产审核中应发挥的作用,并结合我国实际情况提出了咨询机构急需在人才配置等方面加强能力建设。     

铁路两侧划分声环境功能区的讨论

讨论现有标准对铁路两侧声环境功能区划分的适用性,概括与铁路两侧声环境功能区划分相关的研究成果,提出尽快制定铁路两侧声环境功能区划分标准的建议.     

价值工程在环境监测仪器设备建设中的应用

在环境监测仪器设备建设中应用价值工程原理和方法,对仪器设备配置方案进行评估.结果表明,价值工程有利于合理地配置各类仪器设备,选择与其功能相适应的成本价位,充分发挥仪器设备建设资金的使用效益,提高环境监测总体能力.     

基于犹豫模糊集的生产安全事故应急预案评估研究

为了全面有效评估企业生产安全事故应急预案,提出了1种基于犹豫模糊集的评估方法。在借鉴相关学者研究成果的基础上,从应急预案的合法性、全面性、科学性、经济性和可操作性等5个维度,构建了生产安全事故应急预案评估指标体系;运用集值迭代法确定各评价指标的权重,并提出基于犹豫模糊集的企业应急预案评估方法;最后进行实例分析。研究结果表明:该方法对评估生产安全事故应急预案具有一定的参考价值。     

我国环境空间规划制度的研究进展

建立严格的环境空间管控制度,可以破解现阶段城市出现的一系列复合型、区域性和格局性环境问题,对从源头促进"人-城市-自然"和谐发展具有重要意义。为全面梳理环境空间规划制度和弥补其研究发展中的不足,对以环境功能区划、城市环境总体规划和生态保护红线制度为代表的环境空间规划制度的理论、技术与实践进行了较为全面的分析,对现有研究和未来探索提出展望,以期为以环境质量改善和风险防范为指导的环境空间规划制度提供理论依据和实践管理经验,从而全面引导城市的健康可持续发展。