Beyond the mean: Understanding firm‐level consequences of variability in diversity climate perceptions

We develop and test an organizational‐level model of the consequences of diversity climate for company performance. Drawing from affective events theory and the organizational climate literature, we highlight the role of idiosyncrasies in employees' diversity climate perceptions. Specifically, we consider diversity climate strength (i.e., agreement in employees' climate perceptions) as a boundary condition of diversity climate's organizational‐level effects and expect high climate strength to be particularly beneficial in demographically diverse organizations. Moreover, we introduce collective positive affect as an underlying mechanism of diversity climate's conditional effects on company performance. Hypotheses are tested in a study of 82 German small‐and‐medium‐sized companies with 13,695 surveyed employees. Results show a moderated mediation relationship where diversity climate is only positively related to organizational performance (via collective positive affect) at relatively high diversity climate strength. Although this finding holds for both demographically diverse and homogeneous organizations, post hoc analyses provide initial evidence that a strong climate only helps to realize the effects of diversity climate on collective positive affect when members of age‐ and gender‐related demographic subgroups converge in their climate perceptions. Our study contributes to a better understanding of diversity climate as an effective lever for managing diversity.     

芦苇床中古细菌的群落多样性分析

为了描述剩余污泥稳定化芦苇床系统中有机质矿化、甲烷排放及相关微生物多样性之间的内在关系,采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了不同芦苇床、不同季节的稳定化污泥中古细菌群落结构及其多样性。序列分析发现,与DGGE条带序列亲缘关系最近的种属为未培养古细菌和未培养产甲烷古细菌。古细菌群落结构呈季节性变化,且同一季节不同芦苇床的群落结构存在一定差异。具有通气结构芦苇床的剩余污泥中产甲烷古细菌的丰度较低,同时甲烷排放量也较低,因此设置通气结构的芦苇床设计更合理。     

污泥干化芦苇床中芦苇内生菌群多样性研究

以污泥干化芦苇床中芦苇内生菌的多样性作为主要研究对象,结合16S rDNA高通量测序技术与PCR-DGGE技术,对污泥干化芦苇床和天然湿地中污泥菌群及芦苇内生菌群多样性进行了比较分析。结果表明,污泥干化芦苇床芦苇内生菌的细菌类群包含了20门、30纲、73目、152科、467属、1 167种细菌。其中变形菌门(65.6%)和拟杆菌门(25.5%)占绝对优势,γ-变形菌纲是丰度最高的纲,占总数的43.4%;排前20位的优势菌种相对百分比之和为46.5%,分属于所对应的18个属、12科、10目、6纲、3门。DGGE分析表明,污泥干化芦苇床中的污泥和芦苇内生菌优势菌群的种类与天然湿地相比差异显著;同时由于污泥的影响,芦苇内生菌群种类也发生了较为明显的变化。     

转Bt基因水稻残留秸秆对农田底栖动物的影响

为研究转Bt基因水稻秸秆残留对稻田内底栖动物的潜在影响,利用转Bt基因水稻“华恢1号”及其亲本“明恢63”的秸秆进行稻田填埋试验,分析转Bt基因水稻秸秆中Bt蛋白对秸秆分解和底栖动物多样性的影响. 结果表明:①在填埋的水稻秸秆上共发现223个底栖动物,分属9个科,其中,在转Bt基因和非转基因水稻秸秆上均发现7个科. ②秸秆种类和秸秆填埋时间对底栖动物丰度、物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、辛普森优势集中性指数(Simpson diversity index)和Pielou均匀度指数均无明显影响. ③转Bt基因和非转基因水稻秸秆剩余率均随着填埋时间的延长而逐渐降低,填埋7周后,两种类型秸秆剩余率平均值均为44.0%,二者之间无明显差异. ④在填埋的7周内,转Bt基因水稻秸秆中w(Bt蛋白)平均值为1.99~3.04 μg/g,7周后为2.04 μg/g. 研究显示,稻田残留的转Bt基因水稻秸秆对底栖动物多样性无显著影响.      

Adsorption and desorption of SO2, NO and chlorobenzene on activated carbon

Activated carbon (AC) is very effective for multi-pollutant removal; however, the complicated components in flue gas can influence each other''s adsorption. A series of adsorption experiments for multicomponents, including SO₂, NO, chlorobenzene and H₂O, on AC were performed in a fixed-bed reactor. For single-component adsorption, the adsorption amount for chlorobenzene was larger than for SO₂ and NO on the AC. In the multi-component atmosphere, the adsorption amount decreased by 27.6% for chlorobenzene and decreased by 95.6% for NO, whereas it increased by a factor of two for SO₂, demonstrating that a complex atmosphere is unfavorable for chlorobenzene adsorption and inhibits NO adsorption. In contrast, it is very beneficial for SO₂ adsorption. The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) results indicated that the binding strength between the gas adsorbates and the AC follows the order of SO₂ > chlorobenzene > NO. The adsorption amount is independent of the binding strength. The presence of H₂O enhanced the component effects, while it weakened the binding force between the gas adsorbates and the AC. AC oxygen functional groups were analyzed using TPD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The results reveal the reason why the chlorobenzene adsorption is less affected by the presence of other components. Lactone groups partly transform into carbonyl and quinone groups after chlorobenzene desorption. The chlorobenzene adsorption increases the number of C = O groups, which explains the positive effect of chlorobenzene on SO₂ adsorption and the strong NO adsorption.     

浑河底泥产甲烷古菌多样性空间分布特征

为了深入探究影响河流甲烷排放的关键因素,采用PCR-RFLP(限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应)技术及测序分析对浑河底泥产甲烷古菌的多样性及空间分布进行了研究.结果表明,浑河底泥产甲烷古菌划分为4大类群:甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷微菌目(Methanomirobiales)、甲烷胞菌目(Methanocellales)和甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales).从河流上游到下游,产甲烷古菌的群落结构呈现出空间变异的特征.河流上游占优势的产甲烷古菌菌属为Methanosarcina和Methanospirillum,分别约占46.2%和20.8%;中游主要菌属为Methanosarcina、Methanobacterium和Methanomethylovorans,分别约占40.9%、20.7%和15.2%;下游主要菌属为Methanosarcina和Methanobacterium,分别约占46.7%和22.1%.浑河底泥中Methanosarcina为优势菌属.Shannon指数(H')和Simpson多样性指数(D)计算结果表明,河流上游(H'=1.56,D=0.33)和中游(H'=1.79,D=0.26)产甲烷古菌的多样性与下游(H'=1.65,D=0.32)均较为接近.     

Microbial communities and immigration in volcanic environments of Canary Islands (Spain)

Volcanic eruptions originated the Canary Islands (Spain), and today, different landscapes clearly show that active volcanism. The microbial communities present in these volcanic environments, both at high (above 70 degrees C) and moderate (25-35 degrees C) temperatures, were analyzed. Rock samples were processed using molecular techniques based on both DNA and RNA and complemented with the culture of microorganisms at a wide range of temperatures. Microorganisms detected through RNA-based molecular surveys were mostly related to mesophilic microorganisms, while representatives of hyperthermophiles were not detected. RNA decay curves at 80 degrees C resulted in half-life estimates of less than 2 min for mesophilic microorganisms, supporting a recent and continuous arrival of microorganisms to the high temperature sampled sites. This study constitutes a unique experimental approach showing a great natural potential of microorganisms to spread out to different natural environments. The implications are of great interest for the biogeography, dispersal, and potential distribution of microorganisms, and their genetic information, in natural environments.     

稻草还田对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨稻草还田的微生物学过程与效应,借助平板涂抹法和BIOLOG检测法,比较研究了免耕条件下3种不同稻草还田量(33%、67%和100%,以稻草不还田土壤为对照)对晚稻田土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明:①土壤细菌数量差异显著,以67%稻草还田处理为最高,稻草不还田处理最低,稻草还田提高了土壤细菌数量;②碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD法)在培养早期各处理间的差异不大,但随着培养时间的延长,67%和100%稻草还田处理土壤微生物的AWCD值显著大于对照和33%稻草还田处理组;③土壤微生物代谢多样性指数(丰富度和多样性)在3种稻草还田量处理土壤中也表现出明显差异,67%和100%稻草还田处理的土壤中微生物功能多样性显著大于33%稻草还田处理和对照;④67%和100%稻草还田处理显著改善了土壤微生物的功能多样性.以67%稻草还田处理改善土壤微生物群落结构和功能的效果最为显著.     

Effects of Cd（Ⅱ） and Cu（Ⅱ） on microbial characteristics in 2-chlorophenol-degradation anaerobic bioreactors

The effects of Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ at 300 mg/L on anaerobic microbial communities that degrade 2-cholorophenol （2-CP） were examined. Based on the polymerase chain reaction （PCR） of 16S rDNA, bacterial community diversity and archaeal community structure were analyzed with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and cloning, respectively. Degradation capabilities of the anaerobic microbial community were drastically abated and the degradation efficiency of 2-CP was reduced to 60% after shock by Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋, respectively. The bacterial community structure was disturbed and the biodiversity was reduced after shock by Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋ for 3 d. Some new metal-resistant microbes which could cope with the new condition appeared. The sequence analysis showed that there existed common Archaea species in control sludge and systems when treated with Cu^2＋ and Cd^2＋, such as Methanothrix soehngenii, Methanosaeta concilii, uncultured euryarchaeote, and so on. Both the abundance and diversity of archaeal species were altered with addition of Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ at high concentration. Although the abundance of the predominant archaeal species decreased with Cd^2＋ and Cu^2＋ addition for 3 d, they recovered to some extent after 10 d. The diversity of archaeal species was remarkably reduced after recovery for 10 d and the shift in archaeal composition seemed to be irreversible. The 2-CP-degradation anaerobic system was more sensitive to Cu^2＋ than Cd^2＋.     

鼎湖山森林土壤种子库动态研究

在鼎湖山森林季风常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、马尾松林林型中研究土壤种子库储量、多样性格局和生活型等。通过分析两层取土样，风干土壤样品，对样品进行筛选，过滤出种子，并进行种子分类鉴定，用土芯实验法检测土壤种子库的组成。结果表明，在4个取样地点的种子库中，上层种子的Shannon多样性指数和Simpson指数都明显高于下层。草本植物不仅是种类还是数量上都是这三种林型土壤种子库的主体成分，特别是在针叶林中，种子储量占有十分显著的优势地位，随着演替年龄的增长，草本植物在种子库储量中占的比例有所减少。另外，种子库中优势成分与取样地点地面植被相应层次的优势种存在较大差异，说明植物群落地上部分的发育与其它地下部分的土壤种子库的发育具有明显的不同步性，这一结果表明土壤种子库的内在潜力对森林更新及植物群落演替动态产生了重要影响。