Carotenoids,immune response and the expression of sexual ornaments in male greenfinches (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carduelis chloris</Emphasis>)

Allocation trade-offs of carotenoids between their use in the immune system and production of sexual ornaments have been suggested as a proximate mechanism maintaining honesty of sexual signals. To test this idea, we experimentally examined whether carotenoid availability in the diet was related to variation in antibody response to novel antigens in male greenfinches (Carduelis chloris aurantiiventris), a species with extensive carotenoid-dependent plumage colouration. We also measured the cost of mounting a humoral response in terms of circulating carotenoids. Finally, we examined the relationship between plumage colour, immune response and circulating carotenoids. We found that males with carotenoid-supplemented diets showed stronger antibody response than non-supplemented birds. We also found that activation of the immune system significantly reduced circulating carotenoids (24.9% lower in immune-challenged birds than in control birds). Finally, intensity (chroma) of ventral plumage colouration of males, a character directly related to concentration of total carotenoids in feathers, was negatively correlated with the immune response and circulating carotenoids in winter. These results support the idea that carotenoids are a limiting resource and that males trade ornamental colouration against immune response.     

悬挂式生物膜载体处理果糖废水的响应面优化

文章在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken设计,选取进水初始浓度、进水流量及pH为工艺考察参数,对生物膜载体悬挂式自然供氧处理果糖有机废水的工艺进行响应面法优化。确定最佳工艺条件为:初始浓度181.315 mg/L、pH6.996、进水流量1.978 mL/s。此条件下,出水COD浓度可达到18 mg/L,去除率为90.12%。     

市政污水处理厂事故水池设计及配套应急响应措施

与普通工矿企业的污水处理系统相比,市政污水处理系统规模大、源头广,其配套的事故水池不仅容积大,投资高,而且控制难。本文从动态管理角度,提出了一种市政污水处理厂事故水池的设计方法以及配套应急响应措施,既能有效发挥事故水池的作用,遏制环境事故,又能减少事故水池容积,节省占地与投资。     

安徽铜陵市生态安全评价研究

铜陵市是全国重要的有色金属生产基地,长期的矿业采冶和加工对城市生态系统构成了巨大的持续压力,生态安全问题凸显.因此,本文构建了城市生态安全评价指标体系和生态安全压力与响应指数模型,采用集对分析-可变模糊集综合分析方法,对铜陵市生态安全进行时序评价.评价结果显示,2000年以来,铜陵市生态系统一直处于较不安全、临界安全水平,安全等级总体较低.2003年作为分割时点,铜陵市的生态安全由较不安全上升至临界安全.压力和响应指数变化趋势反映了生态安全子系统间的作用机理,即2000年以来,铜陵市生态调控措施减缓了系统压力,而环境投入力度不够,致使生态安全在较低等级徘徊.影响系统安全的主要因子为生态环境压力综合因子、资源约束综合因子和环境投入响应综合因子.     

苦草对富营养化水体中氮磷营养盐的生理响应

为认识湖泊富营养化过程中沉水植物衰退机制,通过室内模拟试验,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(Diving-PAM)测定了苦草(Vallisneria natans)在水体富营养化过程中不同氮磷营养盐水平下的荧光参数,并结合苦草其它生理指标,研究了苦草对水体富营养化过程中氮磷等营养盐浓度升高的响应.结果表明,苦草对水体氮、 磷营养盐浓度的改变响应迅速,各处理组在处理2～6 h后最大量子产量都显著下降,处理12　h后与处理前相比没有显著的差异,各处理组之间没有显著差异;水体氮、 磷营养浓度偏高（处理组D）或偏低（处理组A）都增强强光对苦草的抑制作用,从而影响光合作用,处理组B、 C苦草实际光合作用能力(平均量子产量)显著高于处理组A、 D苦草实际光合作用能力（p<0.05）;在一定的水体氮磷营养盐水平范围,苦草叶绿素含量随氮磷水平的升高而增大,水体氮磷营养盐浓度达到处理组D水平,苦草植物体内叶绿素含量下降;植物体内丙二醛(MDA)的含量在不同处理组中存在变化,处理组B丙二醛最低,处理组D最高.这说明,苦草比较适合在富营养化水体生长,但富营养化水体中,过高浓度的氮、 磷浓度可抑制苦草光合生理活动,进而影响苦草的生长.     

Loss and damage related to climate change: connotations and response mechanism

Global mitigative and adaptive efforts have not been able to effectively address the adverse impacts caused by climate change. Therefore, a direct solution is needed to address the significant resulting loss and damage (L&D). During the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Doha in 2012, the issue of responding to L&D arising from climate change gained sudden traction and became one of the key issues that affected the outcome of the convention. In this paper, a study on the definition and connotations of L&D arising from climate change was conducted, together with an analysis of its relationship with related concepts, namely impacts, vulnerability, and risks. This led to the proposal of an L&D conceptual model that is more comprehensive, with the recognition of the need to address the issue through effective supplementation of existing mitigative and adaptive efforts. A systematic elaboration of an L&D response mechanism was made based on politics, law, and the market, leading to a preliminary presentation of a possible format for an L&D mechanism. Potential academic research directions for L&D were also proposed that could serve as references for the establishment of international and national L&D response mechanisms and related research.     

调水型水库藻类对调水氮、磷浓度与水量的响应

以南方某典型的调水型水库为研究对象,采用EFDC模型建立了水库的三维水动力和富营养化模型,并根据长历时的水文和水质数据对模型进行了率定和验证.基于模型计算结果,分析了水库氮、磷浓度对藻类生长的影响,计算了藻类对调水氮、磷浓度及调水量的响应关系.结果表明,水库氮、磷浓度对藻类生长的限制作用很小.在降幅相同的情况下,降低磷浓度比降低氮浓度的藻类浓度降幅更大,削减60%的氮,叶绿素a无明显下降,削减60%的磷,叶绿素a平均下降12.4%,分别削减90%的氮和磷,叶绿素a分别平均下降17.9%和35.1%.当调水量高于现状的20%,藻类浓度随调水量增大而降低,当调水量低于20%,藻类浓度随调水量增大而升高,调水量比现状增大1倍,叶绿素a平均降低25.7%,调水量降至20%,叶绿素a平均升高38.8%.本研究对于支撑水源地的富营养化控制工作具有重要意义.     

聚丙烯酰胺对生活污泥脱水的实验研究

设置了聚丙烯酰胺的投药量、搅拌速度、絮凝温度、p H 4个影响因素,研究了聚丙烯酰胺在污泥絮凝的过程中,污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能。在单因素实验的基础上,进行了响应面分析试验,经过优化得到最优条件为投加量50.29mg/L、搅拌速度133.8r/min、p H 3.04、温度30.84℃。此时污泥比阻值为4.96×107s2/g。     

Fenton氧化法预处理并提高垃圾渗沥液可生化性的研究

采用Fenton氧化法对垃圾渗沥液进行预处理.基于响应面法研究了Fenton氧化法对垃圾渗沥液的处理效能,考察了初始pH值、H_2O_2投加量和[H_2O_2]/[Fe~(2+)]摩尔比对TOC去除率的影响,并拟合了TOC去除率与三因素之间的回归方程.同时,通过三维荧光和凝胶色谱比较了Fenton处理前后渗沥液的可生化性.结果发现,渗沥液中类富里酸等难降解有机物得到有效去除,B/C比从0.1左右升至0.25.研究表明,Fenton氧化法可有效改善垃圾渗沥液的可生化性,为后续生物处理创造了条件.     

Numerical study of dynamic response and failure analysis of spherical storage tanks under external blast loading

The performance of energy infrastructures under extreme loading conditions, especially for blast and impact conditions, is of great importance despite the low probability for such events to occur. Due to catastrophic consequences of structural failure, it is crucial to improve the resistance of energy infrastructures against the impact of blasts. A TNT equivalent method is used to simulate a petroleum gas vapor cloud explosion when analyzing the dynamic responses of a spherical tank under external blast loads. The pressure distribution on the surface of a 1000 m³ spherical storage tank is investigated. The dynamic responses of the tank, such as the distribution of effective stress, structural displacement, failure mode and energy distribution under the blast loads are studied and the simulation results reveal that the reflected pressure on the spherical tank decreases gradually from the equator to the poles of the sphere. However, the effects of the shock wave reflection are not so evident on the pillars. The structural damage of the tank subjected to blast loads included partial pillar failure from bending deformation and significant stress concentration, which can be observed in the joint between the pillar and the bottom of the spherical shell. The main reason for the remarkable deformation and structural damage is because of the initial internal energy that the tank obtained from the blast shock wave. The liquid in the tank absorbs the energy of impact loads and reduces the response at the initial stage of damage after the impact of the blast.