摩托车防护头盔发展现状和展望分析

当今保护人类健康安全日益受到社会普遍重视,头部安全是摩托车乘员的首要问题。摩托车头盔防护依然十分重要;国际上其标准修定较快并不断完善;通过对TBT通报,头盔安全类发明专利等数据分析,得出摩托车头盔的技术研发高峰近期爆发。     

基于湖泊与出入湖水质关联性研究:以鄱阳湖为例

基于1996～2016年鄱阳湖及出入湖水质数据,解析了鄱阳湖与出入湖河流水质间关联及影响因素.结果表明TN和TP是引起鄱阳湖水质下降的主要因子,其中,1996～2003年,鄱阳湖及出入湖水质总体较好,但呈下降趋势,主要受流域污染负荷增加影响; 2004～2011年,水质继续下降,"五河"水质下降明显,并引起鄱阳湖水质下降;由于鄱阳湖较强的水质净化能力,其出湖水质相对较好,该阶段水质下降受流域污染负荷增加与水文条件变化共同影响; 2012～2016年,水质进一步下降,入湖河流水质快速下降及来水量减少,使鄱阳湖水质净化能力降低,进而导致出湖水质也有所下降,该阶段鄱阳湖水质下降仍受流域污染负荷增加与水文条件变化共同影响.由此可见,入湖河流与鄱阳湖水质关联密切,南部和东部湖区TN浓度明显高于西部湖区,主要与赣江和信江TN负荷输入有关;南部湖区TP浓度明显高于东部和西部湖区,主要与赣江和抚河TP负荷较高有关.相对于水文条件变化,流域污染增加对湖泊水污染贡献更明显.     

基于分区供氧与溶解氧调控的低C/N比污水短程硝化反硝化

针对城镇污水中碳源不足、C/N比低导致脱氮性能不佳的问题,建立了A2/O中试装置,通过调整系统缺氧/好氧分区比例及好氧区溶解氧水平,探究亚硝氮积累率及氮类污染物去除情况.结果表明,在DO为2. 0～2. 5 mg·L~(-1)条件下,改变缺氧/好氧分区比例对系统的影响较小,难以实现短程硝化;当控制DO为0. 5～0. 8 mg·L~(-1)、V_缺∶V_好=1∶1时为系统最优工况,此时系统好氧区末端亚硝氮积累率稳定在62%以上,出水总氮降至9. 0 mg·L~(-1),能够实现深度脱氮的目标.分析硝化菌表观活性可知,最优工况下SAOR与SNOR分别(以N/VSS计)为0. 14 g·(g·d)~(-1)和0. 04 g·(g·d)~(-1),二者差值较试验其他阶段更为明显,即NOB活性受到更高程度抑制是提高亚硝氮积累率的直接原因. Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,该阶段NOB数量显著低于其他阶段.通过间歇OUR法分析缺氧区进出口碳源组成情况,结果表明最优工况下系统通过短程硝化节约碳源27. 3%,可生化性COD在缺氧区消耗63. 6%,远高于其他阶段,是低C/N比城市污水实现深度脱氮的碳源有力保障.     

苏南地区农村宅基地转型研究：基于利用状态的视角

农村宅基地转型是土地利用转型研究的重要内容。目前学界关于宅基地转型的研究主要集中在规模结构等显性形态方面,对隐性转型的研究仍较欠缺。以乡村经济发达的苏南地区为例,通过对正常使用、空置、废弃等不同利用状态宅基地空间分异规律的刻画,探索其功能转型的一般规律,并进一步分析宅基地空置与废弃的影响因素。结果表明：在乡村振兴战略实施背景下,“房子不用来住”的问题在农村地区同样存在,而且在不同代际和空间区位上农村宅基地的利用状态有所差异。具体地,1980年以前的老宅基地从距离城镇较远和较近的“两端”开始,其空废比率向中间地带递减;随着市场化和城镇化水平提升,1980—2000年的中龄宅基地空废比率呈现由近郊向外递减的趋势,城镇化影响下的距离衰减规律明显。近年来,伴随农村宅基地财产/资产属性的逐步显现,农村宅基地的利用状态与空间区位之间的关联关系弱化。2010年以后新宅基地的空置率出现反弹,尤其靠近城镇的农村地区“囤地”现象严重,发端于城镇地区的“地产霸权”正在向乡村地区蔓延。     

基于二次铝灰的地聚反应稳固化垃圾飞灰

基于工业生产铝过程中回收的二次铝灰（SAD）的地质聚合反应,提出了一种稳固化城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（MSWIFA）的新方法,分析硅铝物质的量之比对飞灰中重金属浸出浓度及地聚物固化体力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,当硅铝物质的量之比小于2.5时,二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体与偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中的重金属浸出浓度均随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而逐渐降低,2种固化体的抗压强度随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而增加;硅铝物质的量之比达到2.5时,重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度均趋于稳定.XRD分析结果显示,偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中聚合物的种类与数量均略高于二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体.但从重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度来看,2类固化体对飞灰中重金属的稳固化效果的差别很小,二次铝灰加上部分硅基材料可以作为偏高岭土的替代品,用于稳固化飞灰重金属的地质聚合反应中.二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体的抗压强度达到13.65MPa,具备一定的力学性能,可用于部分特定的建筑材料.     

A2/O+MBR工艺运行效果与碳排放特征研究

对北京市通州区H再生水厂采用的A²/O+MBR工艺运行效果与不同环节碳排放特征进行研究.结果表明：2018年该再生水厂对BOD₅,COD_cr,NH₄⁺-N,TN和TP的平均去除率分别为97.3%,94.1%,98.6%,77.0%,96.2%;全厂碳排放总量和吨水碳排放量呈春夏季节逐渐降低,秋冬季节缓慢升高的特征,全厂综合吨水碳排放量约为2.26kgCO₂e/t.碳排放总量中能耗碳排放量占主要地位,CH₄,N₂O和物耗碳排放量占比较小;统计分析显示CH₄,能耗和物耗吨水碳排放量与BOD₅,TN进水浓度及BOD₅去除率显著相关;N₂O吨水碳排放量与TN与BOD₅进水浓度显著相关;直接,间接吨水碳排放量与水量无显著相关性.     

EGSB-CANON工艺启动及动力学特性

采用EGSB（Expanded Granular Sludge Bed）反应器,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中通过改变曝气方式以及优化曝气/非曝气逐步实现CANON工艺的稳定运行.通过研究不同曝气/非曝气条件下CANON工艺的脱氮性能的变化,探究系统内不同污泥粒径中功能菌的活性,揭示EGSB反应器不同的运行条件以及系统内不同粒径的微生物聚集体在CANON工艺启动过程中的影响机制与菌群结构特性.结果表明,当恒定曝气量为0.5L/min,曝气/非曝气为2：1（60min：30min）时,实现了AerAOB（Aerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria）与AnAOB（Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidation Bacteria）协同脱氮的目的,并成功将NOB（Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria）的活性由3.41mgN/（h·gVSS）抑制到0.75mgN/（h·gVSS）.在对AnAOB的双底物（NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N）抑制动力学结果进行Haldane拟合时,得到NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N的半饱和常数（k_s）、抑制动力学常数（k_h）分别为106.8,331.9mg/L,272.4,66.61mg/L,相关性系数（R²）分别为0.98133和0.99142.在CANON污泥颗粒化形成过程中,污泥粒径在0.154~0.335mm范围内主要以AerAOB为主,污泥粒径在1mm以上主要以AnAOB为主.不同粒径下微生物聚集体的协同作用以及稳定的群落结构实现了CANON工艺的稳定运行.     

Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning

PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m³, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.     

Particle Surface Hydrophobicity and the Dechlorination of Chloro-Compounds by Iron Sulfides

Halogenated aliphatic compounds (HACs) can be reduced by iron sulfides in aqueous systems. Generally, the thermodynamics and kinetics of dehalogenation reactions are controlled by the mineralogical and particle surface characteristics of the iron sulfide, the composition of the HAC and reaction conditions such as component concentrations, pH and Eh. In this theoretical and experimental investigation of CCl₄ and C₂Cl₆ reduction by FeS and FeS₂, the roles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites on the iron sulfides were analyzed. Experimental data obtained through zeta potential measurements, were used along with the Gouy-Chapman model and the simple two-layer surface complexation model to relate iron sulfide surface hydroxyl densities to the degree of HAC dehalogenation. The surface hydroxyl site densities of FeS and FeS₂ were found to be 0.11 sites/nm² and 0.21 sites/nm², respectively. During the dehalogenation reaction process, CCl₄ was found to decrease to its first intermediate product CHCl₃ within the first 20 hours followed by a slower process of conversion to CH₂Cl₂. The results also show that FeS is less hydrated (more hydrophobic) than FeS₂. For CCl₄ and C₂Cl₆, FeS is a better dehalogenator than FeS₂. These results imply that particle surface hydrophobicity is a critical factor in surface-mediated dehalogenation of chlorinated compounds.     

碳化泡沫负载Co3O4活化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

Co₃O₄具有优良的活化过硫酸盐的性能而受到人们的重视,但Co₃O₄粉体易团聚、使用过程中难以分离、易流失和重复利用率差等问题严重制约了其实际应用．通过水热法制备碳化三聚氰胺泡沫负载Co₃O₄非均相催化剂．采用X-射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对催化剂的结构和表面形貌进行分析．研究不同因素对催化剂活化过硫酸氢钾（PMS）降解罗丹明B（RhB）的性能．其最优催化工艺参数：催化剂投加量为35 mg·L^-1、PMS质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1和pH为7、RhB初始质量浓度为10 mg·L^-1,30 min反应后对RhB降解率为98%．结果表明,增大碳化泡沫负载Co₃O₄非均相催化剂投加量和PMS质量浓度能明显提高对RhB的降解率;而增加RhB初始质量浓度和提高pH值会明显抑制RhB的降解率．催化反应过程符合准一级动力学方程．温度对RhB降...