Soil drying in a tropical forest: Three distinct environments controlled by gap size

Soil water and temperature regimes in the tropical moist forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, were simulated directly from meteorological data using the model SWEAT. Separate field observations from root-exclusion, litter-removal and control treatments in one small and one large forest gap were used for calibration and validation. After irrigating all treatments to field capacity, soil matric potential and temperature were measured over 17 days at four depths ≤50 mm using the filter-paper technique and bead thermistors. Understorey environments were also simulated under the same initial conditions. The results suggest that three distinct scenarios, controlled by gap size, describe how the above- and below-ground processes controlling soil drying are coupled: (1) in the large gap, root water extraction by surrounding trees is negligible so soil drying is dominated by evaporation from the soil surface. Soil temperature is dominated by direct solar heating and cooling due to evaporation. (2) In the small gap, root water extraction dominates soil drying with soil evaporation playing a minor role. Soil temperature is still dominated by direct sunlight with some cooling due to evaporation. (3) In the understorey, root water extraction dominates soil drying. Soil temperature is dominated by heat conduction from deep soil layers with some evaporation and sensible heat transfer. The contrasting soil drying regimes imposed by variation in canopy structure enhance micro-environmental heterogeneity and the scope for differential germination and seedling establishment in coexisting tropical tree species.     

节理充填岩体爆炸应力波传播规律模型试验与应用研究

为研究节理厚度对爆炸应力波传播影响规律,以工程现场揭露的红黏土为充填介质,制作含节理爆破模型,开展不同厚度节理爆破模型试验,并对现场试验爆破参数进行优化。研究结果表明:节理充填介质延长了爆炸应力波传播时间并吸收了部分应力波,应力波衰减速率为2.225~4.188 MPa/mm,滞后时间0.1~0.15 μs/mm;节理对不同方向的应力波吸收程度不同,横向应力的衰减速率大于纵向应力的衰减速率,二者均随节理厚度的增加呈线性衰减。爆破参数优化应控制炮孔至节理面的距离、减小装药量,周边孔宜采用空气间隔分段装药。     

MBBR工艺的研究现状与应用

文章介绍了移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）工艺的原理和特点,以及国内外对MBBR工艺的研究和应用现状;针对MBBR工艺在实际工程中容易出现的局部填料堆积、悬浮填料流失等问题,提出了改进建议及研究方向。     

CNG加气站事故后果分析方法研究

根据CNG加气站系统运行的实际情况,将CNG加气站中易发生泄漏的设备分为管道阀门、挠性连接器、压缩机、储气设备、放散管5类。建立了CNG泄漏的事件树,将CNG加气站的事故后果类型概括为喷射火、闪火、蒸气云爆炸。总结了CNG加气站事故后果的计算模型,采用美国环保局的ALOHA软件确定事故后果的影响范围。综合运用该两种方法对喷射火和蒸气云爆炸的事故案例进行对比研究,结果表明,计算结果基本一致。该两种事故后果分析方法为CNG加气站安全管理和安全规划提供依据。     

浅谈加油加气站的防雷防静电安全检测

本文根据相关技术标准和多年来对加油加气站的防雷防静电安全检测经验,总结归纳了加油加气站防雷防静电安全检测技术要点,针对检测准备工作、检测程序、检测项目、检测要求及方法、检测数据的整理及有关注意事项等分别进行了阐述。     

移动床生物膜反应器中模拟微生物耗氧速率对微孔曝气氧传质效率的影响研究

为研究移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)中微生物呼吸作用对微孔曝气氧传质效率(OTE)的影响,向清水中持续通入一定浓度的消氧剂——亚硫酸钠溶液,通过亚硫酸钠的氧化来模拟微生物的呼吸耗氧。基于不同填充率和曝气量工况条件下,考察了微生物耗氧速率(OUR)对OTE的影响。结果表明:在40L/h曝气量条件下,装置填充率在20%~50%时,标准氧传质效率(SOTE)与OUR存在着明显的正相关性,其线性拟合R2介于0.789 8~0.976 2;填充率为60%时,SOTE随OUR的增大无明显变化。装置填充率在50%、曝气量分别为40、80、100L/h时,SOTE随OUR的增大无明显变化;而曝气量为60L/h时,SOTE随OUR的增大明显增大。进一步分析试验结果得出,MBBR中,微生物OUR可用来近似表征OTE,但不同填充率和曝气量会对两者的相关性产生一定影响。     

腐殖质含量对填料净化污水效能的影响

掺入与腐殖垃圾级配相同的砂配置腐殖质含量分别为1.09%、0.87%、0.65%、0.44%和0.01%的5种填料,装填0.5 m厚度的试验柱,构建人工快速渗滤系统处理生活污水,并测定饱和水力渗透系数,研究腐殖质含量对填料净化污水效能的影响。结果表明,在相同的水力负荷（1 m/d）和污染负荷下,5种腐殖质填料对COD和TP的平均去除率存在明显差异,腐殖质含量为1.09%、0.87%和0.65%的3种填料对COD的去除率较腐殖质含量为0.01%的填料均高出14%以上。腐殖质含量与TP去除率呈现正相关性。腐殖质含量最高的填料（1#）其初始K值最大达3.23×10^-2 cm/s,约为腐殖质含量最低的填料（5#）的5倍,其稳定运行时间最长。     

Modeling Animal Habitats Based on Cover Types: A Critical Review

The simplest type of model describing animal habitats is a “cover-type model,” in which a species is assumed to be present in certain vegetation types and absent in others. Ecologists and managers use these models to predict animal distributions for gap analysis and conservation planning. Critics, however, have suggested that the models are overly simplistic and inaccurate. We reviewed the use of cover-type models including assessing their error rates, diagnosing the problems with these models, and determining how they should best be used by managers. To determine models’ accuracy rates, we conducted a meta-analysis of 35 studies in which cover-type models were tested against data on animal occurrences. Models had a mean accuracy rate of 0.71 ± 0.18 (SD). Rates of commission error averaged 0.20 ± 0.16, and omission errors averaged 0.09 ± 0.11. A review of the effects of errors in conservation planning suggests that the observed error rates were high enough to call into question any management decisions based on these models. Reasons for the high error rates of cover-type models include the fallibility of expert opinion, the fact that the models oversimplify how animals actually use habitats, and the dynamic nature of animal populations. Given the high rate of errors in cover-type models, any conclusions based on them should be taken with extreme caution. We suggest that these models are best used as coarse filters to identify locations for further study in the field.     

加油站新旧输油管线碰头焊接方法探讨

《汽车加油加气站设计与施工规范》(GB50156-2002)中提到加油站输油管道宜采用无缝钢管、连接方式采用焊接是输油管道敷设的基本要求,其优点是焊缝少、比较严密可靠、施工速度快、省材省工、便于防腐、不容易出现渗漏隐患。但加油站在改造输油管线时,新旧管线碰头焊接过程中产生的火花易点燃管线中的油气引发火灾及爆炸。因此,如何在新旧输油管线碰头焊接时安全施工就成为了需要我们探讨的问题。本文结合丹东太平湾加油站输油管线改造的实际情况,简要的阐述了加油站含油气管线碰头焊接的几种方法。     

基于未确知测度理论的充填管道堵塞风险性评价

为预测深井矿山充填管道堵塞的难易程度,运用未确知测度理论,建立充填管道堵塞风险性评价模型。选取10项评价指标作为未确知测度模型的判别指标,根据实测数据建立各项指标的未确知测度函数,并利用信息熵理论获得各判别指标的权重,依照置信度识别准则进行等级判定,最后得到充填管道堵塞风险性预测值。研究结果表明:金川龙首矿、大红山铜矿、河东金矿和新城金矿等4个评价对象的风险性等级分别为:Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅲ级。未确知测度理论能综合考虑各项评价指标对评价体系的影响,并进行相应的定量计算。