Landfill leachate treatment methods: A review

Landfilling of municipal waste is still a major issue of the waste management system in Europe. The generated leachate must be appropriately treated before being discharged into the environment. Technologies meant for leachate treatment can be classified as follows (i) biological methods, (ii) chemical and physical methods. Here we review briefly the main processes currently used for the landfill leachates treatments.     

岩溶地区土壤溶解有机碳的季节动态及环境效应

对桂林岩溶试验场土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)进行了逐月的观测，结果显示DOC是岩溶生态系统中活跃的有机碳组分，在岩溶地区碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。一年中土壤DOC的变化特征表现为3个阶段：(1)3-7月，随气温升高、降雨量增加，土壤生物活性和新陈代谢能力极大提高，土壤溶解有机碳呈升高趋势；(2)8-11月，气温保持较高的水平，但降雨量偏低，土壤干燥，土壤微生物活性极大地减弱，土壤DOC质量分数全年最低；(3)12月至次年2月，随温度的降低，土壤生物活性逐渐降低，土壤DOC呈缓慢升高趋势，且与土壤微生物量碳之间存在互为消长的关系。土壤碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率季节变化与土壤DOC之间存在负相关。文章还提出了岩溶地区土壤碳循环模式及DOC在其中的作用。     

Degradation of azo dyes in water by Electro-Fenton process

The degradation of the azo dyes azobenzene, p-methyl red and methyl orange in aqueous solution at room temperature has been studied by an advanced electrochemical oxidation process (AEOPs) under potential-controlled electrolysis conditions, using a Pt anode and a carbon felt cathode. The electrochemical production of Fenton's reagent (H₂O₂, Fe²⁺) allows a controlled in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (^·OH) by simultaneous reduction of dioxygen and ferrous ions on the carbon felt electrode. In turn, hydroxyl radicals react with azo dyes, thus leading to their mineralization into CO₂ and H₂O. The chemical composition of the azo dyes and their degradation products during electrolysis were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following degradation products were identified: hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, pyrocatechol, 4-nitrocatechol, 1,3,5-trihydroxynitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol. Degradation of the initial azo dyes was assessed by the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Kinetic analysis of these data showed a pseudo-first order degradation reaction for all azo dyes. A pathway of degradation of azo dyes is proposed. Specifically, the degradation of dyes and intermediates proceeds by oxidation of azo bonds and aromatic ring by hydroxyl radicals. The results display the efficiency of the Electro-Fenton process to degrade organic matter. Electronic Publication     

Production of N2O in two biologic nitrogen removal processes: a comparison between conventional and short-cut nitrogen removal processes

The N2O production in two nitrogen removal processes treating domestic wastewater was investigated in laboratory-scale aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Results showed that N2O emission happened in the aerobic phase rather than in the anoxic phase. During the aerobic phase, the nitrogen conversion to N2O gas was 27.7% and 36.8% of NH＋-N loss for conventional biologic N-removal process and short-cut biologic N-removal process. The dissolved N2O was reduced to N2 in the anoxic denitrification phase. The N2O production rate increased with the increasing of nitrite concentration and ceased when NH＋-N oxidation was terminated. Higher nitrite accumulation resulted in higher NEO emission in the short-cut nitrogen removal process. Pulse-wise addition of 20 mg NO2 -N. L- 1 gave rise to 3-fold of N2O emission in the conventional N-removal process, while little change happened with 20 mg NOS-N L-1 was added to SBR1.     

Coupling a land use model and an ecosystem model for a crop-pasture zone

This paper describes the development of a land use model coupling ecosystem processes. For a given land use pattern in a region, a built-in regional ecosystem model (TESim) simulates leaf physiology of plants, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and hydrological processes including runoff generation and run-on re-absorption, as well as runoff-induced soil erosion and carbon and nitrogen loss from ecosystems. The simulation results for a certain period from 1976 to 1999 were then used to support land use decisions and to assess the impacts of land use changes on environment. In the coupling model, the land use type for a land unit was determined by optimization of a weighted suitability derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. The model was applied to the temperate crop-pasture band in northern China (CCPB) to analyze the interactions between land use and major ecosystem processes and functions and to indicate the added value of the feedbacks by comparing simulations with and without the coupling and feedbacks between land use module and ecosystem processes. The results indicated that the current land use in CCPB is neither economical nor ecologically judicious. The scenario with feedbacks increased NPP by 46.78 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, or 32.23% of the scenario without feedbacks, also decreased soil erosion by 0.65 kg m⁻² a⁻¹, or 23.13%. Without altering the regional land use structure (proportions of each land use type). The system developed in this study potentially benefits both land managers and researchers.     

高浓度废液纳滤膜分离工艺设计

当进行高浓度废液纳滤膜分离工艺设计时,必须首先进行纳滤膜分离工艺试验,通过工艺试验确定：纳滤膜型号,完成膜的筛选工作;确定纳滤膜分离规律、分离模型、膜污染规律。利用获得的数学关系式确定主要操作运行压力、浓缩液流量、膜面积、组件数目、膜组件排列方式、冷却循环系统设计、纳滤膜污染的预测与清洗系统设计。纳滤膜清洗系统与自控系统应该根据试验结果并考虑纳滤膜生产商提供的数据进行设计。     

曝气生物滤池在中水回用中的应用

介绍了一种新型曝气生物滤池的工艺原理、结构类型、特征及其在中水回用中的研究进展,探讨了曝气生物滤池技术在中水回用中的应用前景.     

多段进水A/O生物膜工艺运行性能的研究

为提高多段进水A/O生物膜工艺的脱氮效率,按照进入各缺氧池的COD量与硝态氮量的比值相同,且等于一最优比值的原则进行流量分配,按照容积负荷相等的原则设计各反应单元,对多段进水A/O生物膜工艺的流量分配和反应单元容积分配同时进行优化,并采用三段进水A/O生物膜反应器试验了等流量分配模式下运行和优化模式下运行的出水水质的差异.试验结果表明,当多段进水A/O生物膜工艺在两种模式下采用相同参数运行时,优化模式下总氮(TN)去除率明显高于等流量模式,其分别为88.8%和80.3%.优化模式与等流量分配模式对COD和总凯氏氮的去除率差别不大(均可达到97%和98%以上).采用该优化设计方法可以显著提高该工艺的TN去除效率.     

多段A/O工艺处理制革废水一级生化出水的效能

针对现有制革废水处理工艺难以使氨氮达标排放的问题,引入多段A/O工艺(MAOP)作为制革废水二级生物处理单元,探讨分段进水、水力停留时间(HRT)以及污泥回流比(R)对其COD和氨氮同步去除的影响.结果证明,无论是否分段进水,四段MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水均有良好的COD去除效果,当污泥停留时间(SRT)为18d、HRT不小于24h时,其出水浓度都可保持在300mg/L以下,满足GB8978-1996二级排放标准.在各段进水比为4:3:2:1、R 100%、HRT 48h、SRT 18d条件下,MAOP对制革废水一级生化出水的氨氮去除率高达97.7%,出水浓度3.6mg/L左右,达到GB8978-1996一级排放标准.MAOP同时具备反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化等多种脱氮机制,是一种颇具前景的制革废水生物脱氮技术.     

BAC生物活性炭法及其在水处理中的应用

介绍了生物活性炭(BAC)法去除有机物的方式,不同进水水质条件下的特征穿透曲线。总结了BAC法的优缺点以及国、内外对BAC生物再生的研究与观点,以及BAC技术的研究与应用进展。