Modeling using dynamic variables – An approach for the design of loss prevention programs

Records from The National Safety Council [National Safety Council, 2007. Safety Intervention Evaluation: A Systematic Approach. <http://www.acgih.org/events/ControlBand/Thomas_SafetyIntervention.pdf> (accessed 10.01.07)] have shown that in 2004 alone, on-the-job injuries to workers constituted 35% of total recorded injuries in the United States. This generated an associated cost of about $142.2 billion. Unfortunately, the safety intervention programs enforced at work places to mitigate such losses are driven mainly by intuition and experience of involved safety personnel. This paper details implementing a computer program to furnish safety personnel with an empirical basis for designing loss prevention programs based on historical safety data. The computer tool is driven by a dynamic mathematical model which adapts itself to variations in data patterns and explains the correlation between historical incident rates and corresponding resources committed to interventions. This study empowers the industry with a tool that is capable of forming the core of optimizing valuable human resource allocation in safety program designs.     

Estimating erosion in a riverine watershed bayou liberty-tchefuncta river in louisiana

GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Sheet erosion from agricultural, forest and urban lands may increase stream sediment loads as well as transport other pollutants that adversely affect water quality, reduce agricultural and forest production, and increase infrastructure maintenance costs. This study uses spatial analysis techniques and a numerical modeling approach to predict areas with the greatest sheet erosion potential given different soils disturbance scenarios. METHODS: A Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) were used to estimate sheet erosion from 0.64 ha parcels of land within the watershed. The Soil Survey of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana was digitized, required soil attributes entered into the GIS database, and slope factors determined for each 80 x 80 meter parcel in the watershed. The GIS/USLE model used series-specific erosion K factors, a rainfall factor of 89, and a GIS database of scenario-driven cropping and erosion control practice factors to estimate potential soil loss due to sheet erosion. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A general trend of increased potential sheet erosion occurred for all land use categories (urban, agriculture/grasslands, forests) as soil disturbance increases from cropping, logging and construction activities. Modeling indicated that rapidly growing urban areas have the greatest potential for sheet erosion. Evergreen and mixed forests (production forest) had lower sheet erosion potentials; with deciduous forests (mostly riparian) having the least sheet erosion potential. Erosion estimates from construction activities may be overestimated because of the value chosen for the erosion control practice factor. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates the ease with which GIS can be integrated with the Universal Soil Loss Equation to identify areas with high sheet erosion potential for large scale management and policy decision making. RECOMMENDATIONS: The GIS/USLE modeling approach used in this study offers a quick and inexpensive tool for estimating sheet erosion within watersheds using publicly available information. This method can quickly identify discrete locations with relatively precise spatial boundaries (approximately 80 meter resolution) that have a high sheet erosion potential as well as areas where management interventions might be appropriate to prevent or ameliorate erosion.     

液体旋流分离器内部流场分布的测试与研究

改变传统的利用皮托管插入法对流场分布的测试方法 ,利用激光流速计分别对两种具有代表性的液体旋流分离器的切线方向和轴线方向的流场分布进行了测试 ,得到了精确的结果。为分析、研究和提高旋流分离器的性能 ,提供了最基本的和最有效的数据     

建设用地空间错配理论、机制与效益损失:基于湖北省的实证

研究建设用地空间错配特征及内在机制,对纠正土地资源错配、优化土地资源配置机制具有现实意义。基于资源错配理论对土地资源错配理论开展梳理,提出建设用地错配机制假说,运用边际分析法和计量方法构建建设用地空间错配测度模型及机制检验模型,并以湖北省为例进行实证研究。结果表明:①1996—2017年湖北省建设用地过度错配与短缺错配并存,空间错配程度总体上有所改善,但局部地区错配程度加剧。②土地负外部性扩散、非均衡发展、非市场化供应、土地财政依赖等加剧了建设用地空间错配,优化产业结构、减少政府腐败、发展多元所有制等有利于降低建设用地空间错配程度。③1996—2017年湖北省建设用地空间错配效率损失由6.92%下降到3.84%,年均减少2.03%,效率损失得到缓解。④从损失值看,湖北省建设用地空间错配效率损失严重,1996—2017年累计经济损失达3.90×10^4亿元。主要结论:建设用地空间错配测度模型兼顾了土地配置的效率与公平,可以作为建设用地空间错配程度衡量的有效方法;建设用地空间错配已经成为阻碍经济增长的重要因素之一,纠正建设用地空间错配,能有效促进区域经济增长;土地市场配置和政府主导配置均会带来建设用地空间错配,建设用地配置中一个“有效的市场”与“有为的政府”结合十分必要且迫切。     

基于投入产出模型的区域洪涝灾害间接经济损失评估

重大自然灾害的恢复重建的时间长短与灾害造成的间接经济损失大小直接相关,因而影响灾害造成的总损失。因此评估灾害的间接经济损失是灾后制定减灾政策的重要内容。投入产出模型是灾害经济影响评估应用最为广泛的模型,基于区域投入产出模型,结合湖南省经济状况和救灾政策,以月为时间间隔,模拟了1998年湖南省经济在洪涝灾害后的恢复情况,并用建筑业灾后恢复数据进行了比较验证。模拟结果表明在洪涝灾害中湖南省的间接经济损失为17846亿元,占直接经济损失的39%。不同部门灾后恢复模拟结果有利于制定减灾战略、优化救灾和重建资源的分配,最大限度地减少灾害对经济系统的冲击。尽管该模拟结果还存在一定的不确定性,结果表明投入产出模型在模拟灾害间接损失影响及恢复重建期的预估上能够发挥很好的作用     

滇池水污染经济损失估算

滇池的水污染问题已经严重影响昆明经济社会的可持续发展。为估算因水污染造成的经济损失,首先利用滇池外海8个观测点的水质监测数据,应用时空地质统计学模拟滇池水体各污染因子浓度的分布,并依据水质指标的浓度分布对滇池水质区域划分为北部、中部、南部3个区域,然后从饮用水、渔业、旅游、灌溉4种水体功能入手,结合詹姆斯“浓度-价值曲线”模型和污染损失率法分别对滇池每个区域的水污染经济损失进行估算。通过计算,2010年滇池水污染经济损失总计7275亿元,其中北部、中部、南部区域的水污染经济损失分别为1552、3759、1964亿元。从各区域的污染损失率来看,滇池水资源饮用水源功能已丧失,渔业功能部分丧失（损失率＞90%）,目前滇池水资源主要用于旅游和灌溉     

土壤侵蚀经济损失分析及价值估算—以贵州省猫跳河流域为例

以贵州省猫跳河流域为例,运用环境经济学理论和方法,分析土壤侵蚀的经济损失内在机制,估算土壤侵蚀的经济损失,揭示土壤侵蚀经济损失分布的空间格局,为该区域水土流失防治提供科学依据。结果表明,研究区平均每年土壤侵蚀经济损失为36 602.44×104元,其中土壤养分损失占总损失的89.46%,土地废弃损失占总损失的4.64%,土壤水分损失占总损失的1.05%,泥沙损失占总损失的4.85%。旱地土壤侵蚀经济损失最大,占土壤侵蚀经济损失的61.94%。从各县来看,清镇市土壤侵蚀经济损失最大,占总经济损失的32.87%。研究区平均单位面积经济损失为1 174.86元/hm2,北部地区和西南部地区土壤侵蚀单位面积经济损失价值较大。推进水土流失治理,实行生态补偿制度势在必行。     

水质约束条件下确定土壤允许流失量的方法

已有土壤允许流失量（T值）定义多以防止土壤肥力减退、土地生产力下降为目标,考虑的主要因素为成土速度、土层厚度和土壤肥力减退,确定T值的依据是土壤侵蚀速率不大于成土速率,保证土壤资源得到不断更新。然而土壤侵蚀并不完全是人为因素造成的,更是一种客观自然过程,土壤侵蚀除导致土壤养分流失,土壤生产力下降,还可能对侵蚀发生地以外的地区产生一系列环境问题。为保证人类社会可持续发展,制定控制土壤侵蚀目标时,只局限于提高土壤生产力已与时代发展不合拍了,应将视野扩展到保护和改善人类生产、生活和生存环境,引入生态环境影响符合可持续发展的时代要求。因此,在前人研究基础上结合保护水体环境质量要求建立了一种新的确定T值方法,该法体现了多目标特点,可实现既保护土壤资源又维护水环境质量的目标。以随泥沙入湖的TN、TP对湖水养分影响为例,探讨了水质约束条件下确定T值的一般方法。     

易燃易爆危险源监控系统更换模型研究

从提高安全监控系统的可靠度出发，以平均损失最小为约束条件，给出了针对安全监控系统关键元件所进行的定期更换模型，并指出通常寿命服从指数分布的元件不符合进行预防性更换的条件。