基于资源安全的企业人才风险管理

从资源安全的角度出发 ,笔者阐述了企业人才资源的重要性 ;对我国企业目前面临的主要人才风险进行了识别 ;指出我国企业目前的人才风险主要来自人才外流、人才获取、人才道德和人才风险意识四个方面 ;强调了我国企业加强人才风险管理的重要意义。从人才风险引起的各项损失及其损失概率的角度 ,提出了企业进行人才风险估测的方法 ;建立了人才风险损失模型 ;指出了我国企业的人才风险管理、有效防范人才风险的途径。     

论环境经济损益分析的方法

就建设项目环境影响评价中要进行的环境经济损益分析的目的、评价内容、评价方法等作系统介绍,以探讨国内在这方面的逐步规范化。     

不同施肥水平下菜地径流氮磷流失特征

研究施肥对菜地径流氮、磷流失的影响,对控制水体富营养化有重要意义。采用田间小区监测的方法,研究常规施肥、减量施肥1和减量施肥2等三种施肥水平对菜地径流氮磷流失的影响。结果表明,（1）不同施肥水平的径流氮、磷流失浓度均较高,径流TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N的平均流失质量浓度分别在20.5~34、2.2~2.4、6.3~9.5 mg L-1之间,径流TP、DP的平均流失质量浓度分别在7.7~11.1、2.1~2.4 mg L-1之间,菜地土壤径流氮、磷流失风险较大。（2）减量施肥可明显降低径流TN和NO3--N的流失浓度,与当地常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别降低径流TN流失浓度的40%、32%和NO3--N流失浓度的23%、35%,而减量施肥对径流TP、DP的流失浓度影响不大。（3）不同施肥水平的径流TN、NO3--N流失负荷分别在5.8~7.6、1.6~2.3 kg hm-2之间,与常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别减少TN、NO3--N流失负荷的24%、19%和11%、29%。不同施肥水平的径流TP、DP流失负荷分别在1.7~2.9、2.5~2.7 kg hm-2之间,减量施肥并不能减少径流TP、DP的流失负荷。     

大气质量污染损失率评价模型参数的GA优化

设定各项污染物在大气环境质量污染损失率评价模型中有相同参数值,采用具有全局优化的遗传算法(GA)对模型中的参数进行优化,得出了对各种大气污染物均适用的大气环境质量污染损失率计算公式及大气环境质量综合评价模型。该模型与其他多种评价模型用于大气环境实例进行评价比较,结果表明:该评价方法不仅原理直观,评价结果准确,而且计算简便,实用性强。      

基于水流路径与景观单元相互作用的非点源污染模拟研究

从污染物进入受纳水体的载体水流着手,沿水流路径模拟污染物迁移过程中各景观栅格单元与周边景观栅格单元的相互作用关系,并将这种相互作用分为推动和阻碍两个方面,综合两种作用计算空间不同位置景观栅格单元污染物的入河迁移系数.同时,通过水文累积计算,获得河道水质空间分布特征.最后,以东北海伦地区4个子流域作为案例研究区,模拟得到流域污染源和水体污染程度的空间分布示意图,并利用2007、2008年10场降雨后流域出口的水质监测数据与模拟值进行了比较分析.结果显示,模拟N含量与监测TN值显著相关,模拟P含量与监测颗粒态P含量显著相关,表明该研究方法能定性地描述流域N、P污源染以及受纳水体水质时空分布特征.但模拟计算出的N、P含量均远远高于实测值,说明该模拟方法还需进一步改进以达到准确量化的目标.     

贵州兴仁煤矿废水灌溉区的土壤重金属污染评价及经济损失估算

本文选用污染损失率法初步估算了贵州兴仁煤矿废水灌溉区的土壤重金属污染损失率和重金属污染经济损失量。计算数据显示,环境污染所造成的经济损失约为339.58万元。研究区40%的土壤处于严重污染状态,呈现出R（As）〉R（Cu）〉R（Zn）〉R（Pb）的关系,综合污染损失率与元素As的单元素污染损失率表现出极高的相关性,反映出As是造成研究区重金属污染的主要污染元素。     

Linking climate policy across economic sectors: A case for green growth in Nepal

While the energy sector is the largest global contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector account for up to 80% of GHG emissions in the least developed countries (LDCs). Despite this, the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) of LDCs, including Nepal, focus primarily on climate mitigation in the energy sector. This paper introduces green growth—a way to foster economic growth while ensuring access to resources and environmental services—as an approach to improving climate policy coherence across sectors. Using Nepal as a case country, this study models the anticipated changes in resource use and GHG emissions between 2015 and 2030, that would result from implementing climate mitigation actions in Nepal's NDC. The model uses four different scenarios. They link NDC and policies across economic sectors and offer policy insights regarding (1) energy losses that could cost up to 10% of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030, (2) protection of forest resources by reducing the use of biomass fuels from 465 million gigajoules (GJ) in 2015 to 195 million GJ in 2030, and (3) a significant reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 relative to the business-as-usual (BAU) case by greater use of electricity from hydropower rather than biomass. These policy insights are significant for Nepal and other LDCs as they seek an energy transition towards using more renewable energy and electricity.     

采用保护性耕作对减少水稻产量损失的实证分析——基于4省1080个稻农的调研数据

干旱和洪涝是造成水稻减产最主要的自然灾害,稻农通过采用保护性耕作可以减少其对水稻的产量损失。基于2013—2015年中国水稻主产区1 080个水稻农户的调研面板数据,论文采用内生转换模型,实证分析了稻农通过采用保护性耕作应对干旱或洪涝的效果,并分别估计了采用者和未采用者的水稻单产情况。实证结果表明:1)采用者的水稻单产远远高于未采用者的水稻单产;2)在反事实假设情况下,如果采用者未采用保护性耕作,其水稻产量将相应减产457.95 kg/hm~2(约7%);如果未采用者采用保护性耕作,其水稻产量将相应增产225 kg/hm~2(约4%);3)户主种植经验、受教育年限和公共服务可得性正向影响稻农的采用行为。最后,论文建议政府应大力推广保护性耕作技术,加大对抗逆水稻品种的培育,加强对农业生产资料的投入和管理,扩大公共服务的覆盖范围。     

自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征

为研究自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素径流输出特征,采用野外大型土壤水分渗漏装置对活地被物覆盖、死地被物敷盖和裸露对照这3种处理的地表径流、壤中流和地下径流的磷素输出开展了为期一年的试验观测.结果表明:(1)3种处理下径流总磷和可溶性磷浓度变化趋势总体表现为地表径流略高于壤中流,并随着土层深度的增加有降低趋势;总磷累积输出量大小排序为裸露(1.61 kg·hm~(-2))敷盖(1.33 kg·hm~(-2))覆盖(0.82 kg·hm~(-2));(2)裸露对照坡地磷素输出以地表径流为主要途径,占总磷径流输出总量的57%,壤中流和地下径流输出量分别占6%和37%;有覆盖和敷盖措施的坡地磷素输出以地下径流为主,占总磷径流输出总量的71%以上,而地表径流输出量则不足14%;(3)各处理中地表径流、壤中流和地下径流磷素输出均以颗粒态为主,占磷输出总量的64%~97%.地下径流是红壤坡地磷素流失不可忽视的重要通道,覆盖和敷盖措施可控制磷素径流流失总量,但未能显著降低磷素径流流失浓度.     

Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gases at the NitroEurope core flux measurement sites: Measurement strategy and first data sets

The NitroEurope project aims to improve understanding of the nitrogen (N) cycle at the continental scale and quantify the major fluxes of reactive N by a combination of reactive N measurements and modelling activities. As part of the overall measurement strategy, a network of 13 flux ‘super sites’ (Level-3) has been established, covering European forest, arable, grassland and wetland sites, with the objective of quantifying the N budget at a high spatial resolution and temporal frequency for 4.5 years, and to estimate greenhouse gas budgets (N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂). These sites are supported by a network of low-cost flux measurements (Level-2, 9 sites) and a network to infer reactive N fluxes at 58 sites (Level-1), for comparison with carbon (C) flux measurements.Measurements at the Level-3 sites include high resolution N₂O, NO (also CH₄, CO₂) fluxes, wet and dry N deposition, leaching of N and C and N transformations in plant, litter and soil. Results for the first 11 months (1.8.2006 to 30.6.2007) suggest that the grasslands are the largest source of N₂O, that forests are the largest source of NO and sink of CH₄ and that N deposition rates influence NO and N₂O fluxes in non-agricultural ecosystems. The NO and N₂O emission ratio is influenced by soil type and precipitation. First budgets of reactive N entering and leaving the ecosystem and of net greenhouse gas exchange are outlined. Further information on rates of denitrification to N₂ and biological N₂ fixation is required to complete the N budgets for some sites. The quantitative roles played by CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ in defining net greenhouse gas exchange differ widely between ecosystems depending on the interactions of climate, soil type, land use and management.