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581.
582.
Loss of fish habitat in North America has occurred at an unprecedented rate through the last century. In response, the Canadian
Parliament enacted the habitat provisions of the Fisheries Act. Under these provisions, a “harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction to fish habitat” (HADD) cannot occur unless authorised
by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), with legally binding compensatory habitat to offset the HADD. The guiding principle
to DFO’s conservation goal is “no net loss of the productive capacity of fish habitats” (NNL). However, performance in achieving
NNL has never been evaluated on a national scale. We investigated 52 habitat compensation projects across Canada to determine
compliance with physical, biological, and chemical requirements of Section 35(2) Fisheries Act authorisations. Biological requirements had the lowest compliance (58%) and chemical requirements the highest (100%). Compliance
with biological requirements differed among habitat categories and was poorest (19% compliance) in riparian habitats. Approximately
86% of authorisations had larger HADD and/or smaller compensation areas than authorised. The largest noncompliance in terms
of habitat area occurred in riverine habitat in which HADDs were, on average, 343% larger than initially authorised. In total,
67% of compensation projects resulted in net losses of habitat area, 2% resulted in no net loss, and 31% achieved a net gain
in habitat area. Interestingly, probable violations of the Fisheries Act were prevalent at half of the projects. Analyses indicated that the frequency of probable Fisheries Act violations differed among provinces. Habitat compensation to achieve NNL, as currently implemented in Canada, is at best
only slowing the rate of habitat loss. In all likelihood, increasing the amount of authorised compensatory habitat in the
absence of institutional changes will not reverse this trend. Improvements in monitoring and enforcement are necessary to
move towards achieving Canada’s conservation goals. 相似文献
583.
资源开发中的生态环境问题 总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2
对水利、水电、农业、林业、牧业、交通、旅游、矿业等资源开发项目建设过程中造成的生态破坏进行了概括总结,并对其产生的原因进行了分析。研究认为,水电不一定是清洁能源,过度开发水资源可能引起湖库干涸、周边植被减少,过度开垦、放牧可使土地沙漠化,不当的林业生产可能导致外来物种入侵,交通建设易造成地质滑坡和水土流失,旅游开发不当将导致环境污染、生态破坏和景观破坏,矿业开发将破坏土地、导致地面塌陷、沉陷和滑坡、泥石流等灾害。 相似文献
584.
我国农田农药流失现状及减控策略 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
农业面源污染已经成为全球水污染的主要来源,其中具有生物毒性的农药污染物对人体健康和生态环境安全构成了严重威胁。分析了我国农田农药流失现状,指出流失的主要农药品种与用药历史和特点密切相关,水体中检出的有机氯农药主要源于早期农药残留,检出的有机磷农药和长残效除草剂部分种类目前仍在使用。提出从影响农药流失的各个环节入手,制定严密的减控策略。植物缓冲带是拦截农药流失的常用措施,可以实现对农业面源污染的可持续治理。建议实行生态功能区划,严格限制高毒农药的施用,减少化学农药施用量,规范农药喷洒器械和施药技术,从源头上控制农药流失,从而降低农业非点源污染带来的危险。 相似文献
585.
Christian Damgaard Vibeke Simonsen Juliet L. Osborne 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(4):483-490
Pollen-mediated gene flow between red clover fields by bumblebees is predicted by estimating or simulating the parameters
in a gene flow model for insect-pollinated crops. Generally, the predicted level of gene flow was found to depend on the visiting
bee species and the spatial arrangement of the red clover fields. When the fields are close to each other, the gene flow depends
mainly on the typical foraging distance of the visiting bee species, but when the fields are far apart, the gene flow between
red clover fields is more sensitive to the distances between red clover fields than to the actual bumblebee species that pollinates
the fields. Using the suggested methodology, the gene flow may be predicted in different agricultural scenarios. For example,
if the gene flow between red clover fields is mediated by Bombus terrestris and the red clover fields that were assumed to be quadrates with sides of 100 m are separated by 200 m, then the median gene
flow is predicted to be 0.17%. 相似文献
586.
滇池东南岸农业和富磷区入湖河流地表径流及污染特征 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
应用聚类分析与因子分析方法,通过8次常规监测,对滇池东南岸10条以农业面源和受磷矿开采区影响的入湖河流的地表径流及其水质污染特征进行了分析,并探讨了其空间差异性。在南岸选取降雨过程相同的3条河流,开展暴雨径流监测,探讨污染物在降雨过程中的流失特征。结果表明,新宝象河的平均流量为2.6 m3/s,占总入湖流量的26.5%;总氮、总磷、化学需氧量、悬浮物是滇池的主要污染指标,许多河流均已严重超标。河流水质在空间上可分为3类,具有明显的空间差异性。总氮、总磷、溶解磷、硝态氮对水质污染的贡献率达到了53.636%,氮、磷含量是河流水质污染的主要贡献因子。降雨条件下化学需氧量、悬浮物浓度增长迅速,流量、悬浮物与大多数水质指标均有相关性,磷矿开采对河流水质的影响在降雨条件下更加明显,其悬浮物浓度在降雨条件下比只受农业面源影响的河流最高高出1.9倍。 相似文献
587.
Characterizing Small Subbasins: A Case Study from Coastal Oregon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A fine-grained statisticaly robust probability sample of stream segments is used to compare two small (20,000 hectare) subbasins of the Tillamook watershed, north coastal Oregon. The two subbasins are matched with respect to several variables [size coastal climates], but vary in terms of geology and consequently land use. A total of 67 wadeable + non-wadeable sizes were identified for sampling in the two subbasins (combined) over two field seasons from a sampling universe consisting of the River Reach File 3 (blue lines on 1:100,000 maps). Target variables include an extensive array of physical habitat endpoints, selected water chemistry endpoints, species composition, and relative abundance of both benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Field protocols generally followed those of the U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP).Eleven fish species were encountered, a typically low number for coastal Oregon streams. Exploratory analysis using nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that 92.4% of the variation in the fish assemblages could be explained with two ordination axes. Environmental factors related to stream size and substate were the most correlated to these axes. Further, stream segments for the two subbasins tended to map in different areas of species space. Therefore, we also give unweighted probability distributions for several of the factors that heavily on these two axes by subbasins, as well as probability distributions for chemical endpoints. Results from the subset of sites sampled during the first year (21 wadeable sites) reveal: 1) differences between samples from the two subbasins relates to dream size and substrate composition that are consistent with known differences in geology and land use, 2) unexpectedly minor differences between samples from the two subbasins for stream temperature, canopy cover, and dissolved oxygen, 3) differences between samples from the two subbasins for total P, and total N, possibly related to land use, and 4) unexpected differences in samples from the two subbasins for conductivity, probably related to geological factors. Sample size for each subbasin is low and therefore our samples cannot be taken to necessarily characterize either subbasin. However, our findings are consistent with a comprehensive assessment that had been previously produced for one of the two subbasins.All field work was completed in 8 weeks 3-person field crew. We conclude that rapid assessment protocols, based on probability samples at this level of resolution, can be a cost-effective approach to watershed analysis. This approach should be seen as a complement to, rather than a replacement for, systematic surveys that produced finer scale, reach specific information on factors such as channel complexity and cover relevant to in-stream restoration planning. 相似文献
588.
589.
施肥模式对蔬菜产量、硝酸盐含量及模拟土柱氮磷淋失的影响 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
采用模拟土柱试验方法,通过连续种植2茬蔬菜,研究7种不同施肥模式[即:不施肥,化肥(基施),化肥(基、追肥各半),化肥+双氰胺(基施),化肥+双氰胺(基、追肥各半),化肥+有机肥(N各半),有机肥(基施)]对蔬菜产量、硝酸盐含量及模拟土柱氮、磷随渗漏水淋溶损失的影响.结果表明,"化肥+双氰胺(基施)"和"有机肥(基施)"2种施肥模式,不仅能使蔬菜获得较高的产量、硝酸盐含量较低,还能明显减少蔬菜种植期间模拟土柱硝态氮、铵态氮和水溶性总磷随渗漏水淋溶的损失量,从而有效减少菜地土壤的氮、磷对地下水造成的农业面源污染. 相似文献
590.
Fish Responses to Experimental Fragmentation of Seagrass Habitat 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
PETER I. MACREADIE† JEREMY S. HINDELL‡†† GREGORY P. JENKINS‡ ROD M. CONNOLLY§ MICHAEL J. KEOUGH 《Conservation biology》2009,23(3):644-652
Abstract: Understanding the consequences of habitat fragmentation has come mostly from comparisons of patchy and continuous habitats. Because fragmentation is a process, it is most accurately studied by actively fragmenting large patches into multiple smaller patches. We fragmented artificial seagrass habitats and evaluated the impacts of fragmentation on fish abundance and species richness over time (1 day, 1 week, 1 month). Fish assemblages were compared among 4 treatments: control (single, continuous 9‐m2 patches); fragmented (single, continuous 9‐m2 patches fragmented to 4 discrete 1‐m2 patches); prefragmented/patchy (4 discrete 1‐m2 patches with the same arrangement as fragmented); and disturbance control (fragmented then immediately restored to continuous 9‐m2 patches). Patchy seagrass had lower species richness than actively fragmented seagrass (up to 39% fewer species after 1 week), but species richness in fragmented treatments was similar to controls. Total fish abundance did not vary among treatments and therefore was unaffected by fragmentation, patchiness, or disturbance caused during fragmentation. Patterns in species richness and abundance were consistent 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after fragmentation. The expected decrease in fish abundance from reduced total seagrass area in fragmented and patchy seagrass appeared to be offset by greater fish density per unit area of seagrass. If fish prefer to live at edges, then the effects of seagrass habitat loss on fish abundance may have been offset by the increase (25%) in seagrass perimeter in fragmented and patchy treatments. Possibly there is some threshold of seagrass patch connectivity below which fish abundances cannot be maintained. The immediate responses of fish to experimental habitat fragmentation provided insights beyond those possible from comparisons of continuous and historically patchy habitat. 相似文献