ACQ防腐处理对沙柳沙障防腐性能影响

采用氨溶烷基铵铜防腐剂（ACQ）处理沙柳沙障,比较不同浓度ACQ防腐剂对沙柳沙障抗折强度损失率的变化。结果表明：不同浓度处理的沙柳沙障抗折强度损失率存在显著差异,抗折强度损失率随浓度的变化规律为3．0％〈2．5％〈2．0％〈1．5％〈1．0％〈CK。     

降低油品在储运过程中损耗的措施

论述了油品蒸发损耗带来的严重危害,分析油品损耗产生的原因,针对收、发、储、过程中所暴露出来的问题,采取适当的降耗措施,解决油品储运过程中的损耗。     

不同雨强下黄棕壤坡耕地径流养分输出机制研究

为揭示三峡库区坡耕地在不同雨强下氮、磷养分随地表径流和壤中流的输出规律,在香溪河流域选择具有代表性的黄棕壤坡耕地进行原位人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明,在降雨总量一定的情况下,随雨强的增大,地表径流量、径流总量、泥沙侵蚀量均呈明显的增加趋势,而壤中流流量减少.不同雨强下地表径流中TN、DN、DP均存在明显的初期径流冲刷效应,TP在整个降雨过程中波动较大,呈微弱降低的变化趋势;壤中流中TN、DN、DP随降雨持续输出浓度无明显变化,TP在径流初期出现浓度峰值,之后减少并趋于稳定.雨强对磷素的影响更直接,雨强越大,磷素径流浓度也越大,氮、磷养分的平均浓度均远超出水体富营养化阈值.随雨强的增大,TN径流流失量减小,TP流失量增大,TN随地表径流流失贡献率随雨强的增大由36.5%增加至57.6%,磷素以地表径流为主,贡献率达90.0%以上,因此,控氮关键是减少壤中流的产生,控磷则需防止土壤侵蚀.随雨强的减小,地表径流中以溶解态流失的氮素比例升高,壤中流中均以溶解态为主,磷素的流失在不同雨强和径流形式下均以颗粒态为主.     

2000～2020年天津市机动车全过程VOCs排放特征及演变

机动车排放已成为城市地区人为源挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要来源,排放清单是量化其环境影响的重要手段.针对已有研究中存在的过程区分不清、排放因子测试不全和气象参数考虑不细等问题,基于文献调研与实验测试完善了排放因子库,在月尺度上提出了涵盖尾气排放和蒸发排放(包括运行损失、昼间排放、热浸排放和加油排放)的机动车全过程VOCs逐月排放清单构建方法,并应用此方法建立了2000～2020年天津市机动车全过程VOCs排放清单.研究期内,天津市机动车VOCs排放总量呈现出先缓慢上升后逐步下降的趋势,2020年排放总量为2.14万t,小型客车是对排放总量贡献最大的车型,贡献率达75.00%.排放标准升级对不同过程VOCs排放的影响存在差异.与尾气排放量的持续下降不同,蒸发排放量呈现出先升后降的倒U型走势,且对总排放量的贡献逐年上升,2020年时贡献率为31.69%.机动车排放的月度变化受活动水平与排放因子的双重影响.VOCs排放量呈现出秋冬季高和春夏季低的特点,2020年新冠疫情期间,封控措施限制了机动车活动水平,使得VOCs排放量显著低于往年同期.计算方法和数据结论可为大气污染防治工作提供技术参考...     

哈尔滨市水土流失现状调查与分析研究

随着《土壤污染防治行动计划》的出台,开展土壤侵蚀调查以及构建土壤环境治理体系的任务,摆在了面前.黑龙江省于2010年-2012年开展第一次水利普查水土保持专项普查,以该次普查成果为基础,结合实地调研,对哈尔滨市水土流失现状展开调查.结果表明:哈尔滨市土壤侵蚀类型以水蚀为主,水蚀面积为13 157.51 km2,占全市总面积24.78%,占全省土壤侵蚀总面积16.06%,超全省平均水平8个百分点;冻融侵蚀面积为1.5 km2,仅占全省冻融侵蚀面积的0.01%.针对水土流失现状,分析了水土流失成因,并提出了相应防治措施.     

温度和氯离子浓度对30CrMnSiNiA腐蚀速率的影响研究

目的研究温度和氯离子浓度对金属腐蚀速率的影响。方法通过失重法研究对比30CrMnSiNiA结构钢在不同氯离子浓度和温度下的腐蚀速率。结果 30CrMnSiNiA钢的腐蚀速率都经历了一个增大-减小-趋于稳定的过程,说明腐蚀机理并未发生改变。在温度较低和氯离子浓度较低的条件下,升高温度和氯离子浓度将会提高腐蚀速率;当温度和氯离子浓度很高时,继续升高温度和氯离子浓度将会降低溶液中溶解氧的含量,使腐蚀速率降低,溶解氧的极限扩展速率将会成为限制腐蚀速率的关键因素。结论不同温度和氯离子浓度下金属腐蚀规律相同,温度和氯离子浓度在一定范围内促进了金属的腐蚀速率。当超过转化点后,提高温度和氯离子浓度会降低腐蚀速率。     

我国半干旱区滴灌水肥一体化马铃薯田土壤NH3挥发特征和强度及影响因素

氨(NH₃)挥发是农业生态系统氮肥损失的重要途经,然而,北方干旱半干旱地区水肥耦合马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发规律缺少数据支撑.该研究利用通气法田间原位观测我国西北滴灌水肥一体化和传统沟灌施肥马铃薯田水肥耦合土壤NH₃挥发特征,设置滴灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(DDF)、滴灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(DGF)、滴灌不施肥(DCK)、沟灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(FDF)、沟灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(FGF)、沟灌不施肥(FCK)6个处理.结果表明,NH₃挥发速率峰值出现在施用氮肥后1—2周,不同水肥处理土壤NH₃挥发存在显著差异(P<0.01).2018年DDF、DGF、DCK、FDF、FGF、FCK土壤NH₃累积挥发量分别为21.50、28.14、7.20、37.06、66.25、11.88 kg·hm^-2;2019年,分别为9.42、15.25、7.24、34.73、76.81、8.56 kg·hm^-2.2018年和2019年,沟灌FDF处理的NH₃挥发损失率分别是滴灌DDF处理的1.76倍和11.89倍;沟灌FGF处理分别是滴灌DGF的2.60倍和8.54倍.滴灌DGF处理NH₃挥发强度比滴灌DDF处理分别增加27.03%和52.94%,沟灌FGF处理比沟灌FDF处理分别增加76.04%和118.37%.随施肥量增加,传统沟灌马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率和NH₃挥发强度的增量高于滴灌水肥一体化模式.NH₃挥发速率与土壤体积含水量、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N呈极显著相关(P<0.01).和传统沟灌比较,滴灌水肥一体化技术降低马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率,减轻NH₃挥发强度,提高马铃薯水肥利用率,减轻环境污染.     

基于炉渣图像处理的生活垃圾焚烧效果快速评测方法

以生活垃圾可燃组分焚烧炉渣为研究对象,基于图像处理技术设计了一种简单快捷的炉渣质量快速评价比色方法 .为验证该方法的可行性,以4种生活垃圾可燃组分（纸类、橡塑、织物、混合组分）制备焚烧炉渣并获取图像信息同时测定热灼减率.结果表明,不同条件下炉渣颜色与热灼减率差异显著,且除橡塑组分外,其余组分炉渣颜色与热灼减率存在显著相关性.选取混合组分炉渣热灼减率与颜色信息分析划分了6个颜色质量等级并生成色卡.该方法将炉渣外貌特征与焚烧炉焚烧效果建立关联,可为垃圾焚烧现场快速评价提供参考.     

Estimating Extinction Risk with Metapopulation Models of Large‐Scale Fragmentation

Habitat loss is the principal threat to species. How much habitat remains—and how quickly it is shrinking—are implicitly included in the way the International Union for Conservation of Nature determines a species’ risk of extinction. Many endangered species have habitats that are also fragmented to different extents. Thus, ideally, fragmentation should be quantified in a standard way in risk assessments. Although mapping fragmentation from satellite imagery is easy, efficient techniques for relating maps of remaining habitat to extinction risk are few. Purely spatial metrics from landscape ecology are hard to interpret and do not address extinction directly. Spatially explicit metapopulation models link fragmentation to extinction risk, but standard models work only at small scales. Counterintuitively, these models predict that a species in a large, contiguous habitat will fare worse than one in 2 tiny patches. This occurs because although the species in the large, contiguous habitat has a low probability of extinction, recolonization cannot occur if there are no other patches to provide colonists for a rescue effect. For 4 ecologically comparable bird species of the North Central American highland forests, we devised metapopulation models with area‐weighted self‐colonization terms; this reflected repopulation of a patch from a remnant of individuals that survived an adverse event. Use of this term gives extra weight to a patch in its own rescue effect. Species assigned least risk status were comparable in long‐term extinction risk with those ranked as threatened. This finding suggests that fragmentation has had a substantial negative effect on them that is not accounted for in their Red List category. Estimación del Riesgo de Extinción Mediante Modelos Metapoblacionales de Fragmentación a Gran Escala     

A composite measure of habitat loss for entire assemblages of species

Habitat destruction is among the greatest threats facing biodiversity, and it affects common and threatened species alike. However, metrics for communicating its impacts typically overlook the nonthreatened component of assemblages. This risks the loss of habitat going unreported for species that comprise the majority of assemblages. We adapted a widely used measure for summarizing researcher output (the h index) to provide a metric that describes natural habitat loss for entire assemblages, inclusive of threatened and nonthreatened species. For each of 447 Australian native terrestrial bird species, we combined information on their association with broad vegetation groups with distributional range maps to identify the difference between the estimated pre-European and current extents of potential habitat, defined as vegetation groups most closely associated with each species. From this, we calculated the loss index (LI), which revealed that 30% of native birds have each lost at least 30% of their potential natural habitat (LI = 30). At the subcontinental scale, LIs ranged from 15 in arid Australia to 61 in the highly transformed southeastern part of the country. Different subcomponents of the assemblage had different LI values. For example, Australia's parrots (n = 52 species) had an LI of 38, whereas raptors (n = 32 species) had an LI of 25. The LI is simple to calculate and can be determined using readily available spatial information on species distributions, native vegetation associations, and human impacts on natural land cover. This metric, including the curves used to deduce it, could complement other biodiversity indices if it is used for regional and global biodiversity assessments that compare the status of natural habitat extent for assemblages within and among nations, monitor changes through time, and forecast future changes to guide strategic land-use planning. The LI is an intuitive tool that can be used to summarize and communicate how human actions affect whole assemblages, not just threatened species.