青铜峡高氟地区天然氟污染对畜牧业的危害及经济损失初探

调查了宁夏青铜峡贺兰山东麓冲积、洪积的干旱荒漠草原约２００ｋｍ２的水氟、表层土壤水溶氟、牧草氟、大气含氟量和在当地放牧的牧羊业受氟害的情况。结果表明．这里的水氟、土壤水溶氟、牧草含氟量等均比氟安全区偏高，属自然高氟地区。自然高氟地区对牧羊业的危害－主要使母羊寿命比氟安全区约减少一半而造成经济损失，经估算每平方千米约损失３８０元。     

Current Constraints and Future Directions in Estimating Coextinction

Abstract: Coextinction is a poorly quantified phenomenon, but results of recent modeling suggest high losses to global biodiversity through the loss of dependent species when hosts go extinct. There are critical gaps in coextinction theory, and we outline these in a framework to direct future research toward more accurate estimates of coextinction rates. Specifically, the most critical priorities include acquisition of more accurate host data, including the threat status of host species; acquisition of data on the use of hosts by dependent species across a wide array of localities, habitats, and breadth of both hosts and dependents; development of models that incorporate correlates of nonrandom host and dependent extinctions, such as phylogeny and traits that increase extinction‐proneness; and determination of whether dependents are being lost before their hosts and adjusting models accordingly. Without synergistic development of better empirical data and more realistic models to estimate the number of cothreatened species and coextinction rates, the contribution of coextinction to global declines in biodiversity will remain unknown and unmanaged.     

Integrating livelihoods and conservation in protected areas: understanding the role and stakeholder views on prospects for non-timber forest products,a Bangladesh case study

Protected areas (PAs) represent a key global strategy in biodiversity conservation. In tropical developing countries, the management of PAs is a great challenge as many contain resources on which local communities rely. Collection and trading of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is a well-established forest-based livelihood strategy, which has been promoted as a potential means for enhanced conservation and improved rural livelihoods in recent years, even though the sustainability or ecological implications have rarely been tested. We conducted an exploratory survey to understand the role and stakeholder views on conservation prospects and perceived ecological feasibility of NTFPs and harvesting schemes in a northeastern PA of Bangladesh, namely the Satchari National Park. Households (n?=?101) were interviewed from three different forest dependency categories, adopting a stratified random sampling approach and using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study identified 13 locally important NTFPs, with five being critically important to supporting local livelihoods. Our study suggests that collection, processing and trading in NTFPs constitutes the primary occupation for about 18% of local inhabitants and account for an estimated 19% of their cash annual income. The household consensus on issues relating to NTFPs and their prospective role in conservation was surprisingly high, with 48% of respondents believing that promotion of NTFPs in the PA could have positive conservation value. The majority (71%) of households also had some understanding of the ecological implications of NTFP harvesting, sustainability (53%) and possible management and monitoring regimes (100%). With little known about their real application in the field, our study suggests further investigations are required to understand the ecological compatibility of traditional NTFP harvesting patterns and management.     

Estimating Extinction Risk with Metapopulation Models of Large‐Scale Fragmentation

Habitat loss is the principal threat to species. How much habitat remains—and how quickly it is shrinking—are implicitly included in the way the International Union for Conservation of Nature determines a species’ risk of extinction. Many endangered species have habitats that are also fragmented to different extents. Thus, ideally, fragmentation should be quantified in a standard way in risk assessments. Although mapping fragmentation from satellite imagery is easy, efficient techniques for relating maps of remaining habitat to extinction risk are few. Purely spatial metrics from landscape ecology are hard to interpret and do not address extinction directly. Spatially explicit metapopulation models link fragmentation to extinction risk, but standard models work only at small scales. Counterintuitively, these models predict that a species in a large, contiguous habitat will fare worse than one in 2 tiny patches. This occurs because although the species in the large, contiguous habitat has a low probability of extinction, recolonization cannot occur if there are no other patches to provide colonists for a rescue effect. For 4 ecologically comparable bird species of the North Central American highland forests, we devised metapopulation models with area‐weighted self‐colonization terms; this reflected repopulation of a patch from a remnant of individuals that survived an adverse event. Use of this term gives extra weight to a patch in its own rescue effect. Species assigned least risk status were comparable in long‐term extinction risk with those ranked as threatened. This finding suggests that fragmentation has had a substantial negative effect on them that is not accounted for in their Red List category. Estimación del Riesgo de Extinción Mediante Modelos Metapoblacionales de Fragmentación a Gran Escala     

Effect of Land Cover and Ecosystem Mapping on Ecosystem‐Risk Assessment in the Little Karoo,South Africa

Extinction‐risk assessments aim to identify biological diversity features threatened with extinction. Although largely developed at the species level, these assessments have recently been applied at the ecosystem level. In South Africa, national legislation provides for the listing and protection of threatened ecosystems. We assessed how land‐cover mapping and the detail of ecosystem classification affected the results of risk assessments that were based on extent of habitat loss. We tested 3 ecosystem classifications and 4 land‐cover data sets of the Little Karoo region, South Africa. Degraded land (in particular, overgrazed areas) was successfully mapped in just one of the land‐cover data sets. From <3% to 25% of the Little Karoo was classified as threatened, depending on the land‐cover data set and ecosystem classification applied. The full suite of threatened ecosystems on a fine‐scale map was never completely represented within the spatial boundaries of a coarse‐scale map of threatened ecosystems. Our assessments highlight the importance of land‐degradation mapping for the listing of threatened ecosystems. On the basis of our results, we recommend that when budgets are constrained priority be given to generating more‐detailed land‐cover data sets rather than more‐detailed ecosystem classifications for the assessment of threatened ecosystems. El Efecto de la Cobertura Terrestre y el Mapeo de Ecosistemas en la Valoración de Riesgos en los Ecosistemas en Little Karoo, Sudáfrica     

Effects of an Invasive Plant on Population Dynamics in Toads

When populations decline in response to unfavorable environmental change, the dynamics of their population growth shift. In populations that normally exhibit high levels of variation in recruitment and abundance, as do many amphibians, declines may be difficult to identify from natural fluctuations in abundance. However, the onset of declines may be evident from changes in population growth rate in sufficiently long time series of population data. With data from 23 years of study of a population of Fowler's toad (Anaxyrus [ = Bufo] fowleri) at Long Point, Ontario (1989–2011), we sought to identify such a shift in dynamics. We tested for trends in abundance to detect a change point in population dynamics and then tested among competing population models to identify associated intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most informative models of population growth included terms for toad abundance and the extent of an invasive marsh plant, the common reed (Phragmites australis), throughout the toads’ marshland breeding areas. Our results showed density‐dependent growth in the toad population from 1989 through 2002. After 2002, however, we found progressive population decline in the toads associated with the spread of common reeds and consequent loss of toad breeding habitat. This resulted in reduced recruitment and population growth despite the lack of significant loss of adult habitat. Our results underscore the value of using long‐term time series to identify shifts in population dynamics coincident with the advent of population decline. Efectos de una Planta Invasora sobre las Dinámica Poblacional de Sapos     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对几种典型凋落物分解的影响

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对植物生长不同关键时期凋落物分解的贡献可能具有显著差异,但一直缺乏必要关注。以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林典型人工林树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei),次生林树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落物为研究对象,采用凋落物分解袋试验,根据植物叶片物候规律在非生长季节(秋末落叶期、萌动期和展叶期)和生长季节(叶片成熟期、盛叶期和叶衰期)不同关键时期动态研究土壤动物对凋落物失重率的影响。土壤动物对4种典型物种凋落物分解均表现出明显贡献,其作用的凋落物失重率分别为：17.78%(麻栎)>14.23%(柳杉)>9.61%(香樟)>8.21%(马尾松)。相对于其他时期,四个树种的土壤动物贡献率均在秋末落叶期最小,除马尾松在叶衰期土壤动物贡献率最大以外,其余3个物种均在盛叶期土壤动物的贡献率最大,且土壤动物对阔叶分解的贡献率大于针叶。相关分析表明,除温度显著影响各关键时期土壤动物对凋落物的贡献外,整个第一年土壤动物作用的凋落物失重率及贡献率与纤维素含量和C/N显著相关,但在非生长季节主要与N含量、C/N和木质素/纤维素密切相关,而生长季节主要相关于木质素/N。这些结果为深入理解亚热带常绿阔叶林物质循环及其与植物生长过程的关系提供了一定的基础数据。     

A network approach to prioritize conservation efforts for migratory birds

Habitat loss can trigger migration network collapse by isolating migratory bird breeding grounds from nonbreeding grounds. Theoretically, habitat loss can have vastly different impacts depending on the site's importance within the migratory corridor. However, migration-network connectivity and the impacts of site loss are not completely understood. We used GPS tracking data on 4 bird species in the Asian flyways to construct migration networks and proposed a framework for assessing network connectivity for migratory species. We used a node-removal process to identify stopover sites with the highest impact on connectivity. In general, migration networks with fewer stopover sites were more vulnerable to habitat loss. Node removal in order from the highest to lowest degree of habitat loss yielded an increase of network resistance similar to random removal. In contrast, resistance increased more rapidly when removing nodes in order from the highest to lowest betweenness value (quantified by the number of shortest paths passing through the specific node). We quantified the risk of migration network collapse and identified crucial sites by first selecting sites with large contributions to network connectivity and then identifying which of those sites were likely to be removed from the network (i.e., sites with habitat loss). Among these crucial sites, 42% were not designated as protected areas. Setting priorities for site protection should account for a site's position in the migration network, rather than only site-specific characteristics. Our framework for assessing migration-network connectivity enables site prioritization for conservation of migratory species.     

不同纤维素降解菌对玉米秸秆的降解效果

该研究旨在探索不同纤维素降解菌对玉米秸秆降解效果的差异性,为秸秆资源化利用提供参考。利用筛选自宁夏秸秆堆、畜粪和土壤中的四株纤维素降解菌,分别为黄曲霉(Aspergillusflavus)Z5-3菌株,非洲哈茨木霉(Trichoderma afroharzianum)Z6-4菌株,藤黄单胞菌(Luteimonas sp.)X11-1菌株,施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)X3-5-1菌株,通过室内控温秸秆堆肥发酵试验,研究添加不同纤维素降解菌后堆肥温度、pH值、碳损失、氮损失、有效养分含量的变化规律。试验结果表明,与对照(不加菌处理)比较,加菌处理提前1-2 d进入高温期,最高温度提高了0.3-1.3℃,且细菌处理较真菌处理提前1 d进入高温期,最高温度提高了0.5-0.7℃。pH值总体呈先增加后降低的趋势,且在高温期达到最大值。与对照相比,加菌处理NH3和CO2累积释放量具有降低趋势。以全氮含量变化计,细菌X11-1、X3-5-1处理的氮损失分别为26.14%和26.57%,真菌Z5-3、Z6-4处理分别为36.49%和34.19%,表明添加不同纤维素降解菌可不同程度地降低堆肥物料中的碳损失和氮损失,其中细菌处理保氮效果显著优于真菌处理。与对照相比,细菌X11-1、X3-5-1处理、真菌Z5-3、Z6-4处理分别提前腐熟5、2、2、2d,表明添加纤维素降解菌可减少堆肥物腐熟时间,促进物料养分浓缩。综合判断,玉米秸秆堆肥中加入纤维素降解菌,有利于降低物料的碳、氮损失,且细菌的保氮效果优于真菌,其藤黄单胞菌X11-1处理最先达到腐熟,为最佳处理。     

挥发性有机物(VOCs)的不同化学去除途径:城市与区域站点的对比

VOCs在大气中主要是与OH自由基、NO₃自由基和O₃等反应氧化去除,部分OVOCs的自身光解也是重要的化学去除途径.本研究基于2018年和2019年秋季在珠三角地区的城市和区域站点的外场观测实验,使用VOCs、常规痕量气体及气象参数的观测数据,对烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和OVOCs等VOCs组分不同化学去除途径的去除速率进行分析.结果表明,烷烃和芳香烃主要通过与OH自由基反应去除,最高占比超过99%.与NO₃自由基和O₃的反应可贡献烯烃去除速率的80%以上,特别是一些天然源的烯烃(如单萜烯)与NO₃自由基的氧化去除是贡献最大的氧化途径.光解是甲醛最重要的去除途径,在两个站点均达到了50%以上,酮类的光解贡献会高于其他OVOCs类物质.OH自由基的氧化去除途径在城市和区域站点的人为源及天然源VOCs去除中占主导地位.区域站点,烯烃尤其是天然源的烯烃物种,与NO₃自由基和O₃反应的贡献要高于城市站点.本研究对促进不同VOCs物种在大气中的去除...