空气加热管路压力损失校核计算

针对自行设计的气体爆炸试验装置中的空气加热管路部分进行了压力损失的计算,并进行了实验验证,通过实验验证该管路达到了设计要求.     

Cascading loss and loss risk multipliers amid a changing climate in the Pacific Islands

Human society has experienced, and will continue to experience, extensive loss and damage from worsening anthropogenic climate change. Despite our natural tendencies to categorise and organise, it can be unhelpful to delineate clean boundaries and linear understandings for complex and messy concepts such as loss and damage. Drawing on the perspectives of 42 local and regional Pacific Islander stakeholders, an underexplored resource for understanding loss and damage, we explore the complexity and interconnectedness of non-economic loss and damage (NELD). According to participants, Pacific Islander worldviews, knowledge systems and cosmologies often make it difficult to separate and evaluate NELD independently, challenging the nomenclature of NELD categories developed through international mechanisms. Instead, NELD understandings are often centred on the interdependencies between losses, including the cascading flow-on effects that can occur and the nature of some losses as risk multipliers (i.e. one loss creating the risk for further losses). Most notably, losses to biodiversity, ecosystem services and land are critically linked to, and have cascading effects on, livelihoods, knowledge, ways of life, wellbeing, and culture and heritage. We argue that loss and damage is not always absolute, and that there are NELD that are arguably reparable. Concerning, however, is that biodiversity loss, as a risk multiplier, was considered the least reparable by participants. We put forward that NELD understandings must consider interconnectivity, and that biodiversity and ecosystem conservation and restoration must be the focus for interventions to prevent irreparable and cascading losses from climate change in the Pacific Islands.     

添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥氮素转化与氮素损失的影响

采用静态好氧工艺,就不同添加剂对厨余垃圾堆肥氨挥发与氮素损失影响方面进行比较试验。试验设4个处理:A0,对照;A1,添加30 mL.kg-1(以干基计,下同)高温保氮菌剂;A2,添加1 mol.kg-1化学保氮剂;A3,同时添加30 mL.kg-1高温保氮菌剂和1 mol.kg-1化学保氮剂。堆肥结束时,与对照相比,A1、A2和A3处理堆肥全氮含量分别提高8.4%、38.4%和43.1%,有机氮含量分别提高9.9%、64.3%和68.8%,氨氮含量分别降低11.3%、86.5%和86.5%,厨余氨氮释放率分别降低13.4%、84.0%和86.5%,堆肥氮损失率分别下降17.5%、61.5%和67.2%。加入添加剂均可减少厨余垃圾堆肥氨挥发,降低堆肥氮损失。单独添加时,化学保氮剂较高温保氮菌剂作用大;但就3种处理比较而言,菌剂与化学药剂联合添加效果最好。     

我国维生素C生产过程甲醇挥发损失的估算

通过对我国主要维生素C生产厂家的生产工艺及主要VOCs甲醇的排放节点(包括酯化反应、离心机排气、精馏塔尾气、储罐呼吸)的调研和分析,结合行业协会和国家统计局统计的数据,利用生产过程物料衡算和中国石油化工系统经验公式,估算了生产单位质量(103 t)维生素C各排放节点甲醇的挥发损失量,并且建立了2007—2011年主要维生素C生产厂家甲醇的年挥发损失清单. 结果表明:生产单位质量维生素C时,酯化反应节点甲醇的挥发损失量为4.25 t/103　t,离心机排气为3.36 t/103　t,精馏塔尾气为0.63 t/103　t,储罐呼吸为0.35 t/103　t;甲醇挥发损失主要集中在酯化反应和离心机排气2个排放节点,二者挥发损失量各占排放节点挥发损失总量的50%和39%;2007—2011年我国10家主要维生素C生产厂家甲醇的年挥发损失总量已达1 000 t以上.      

双火源条件下的XPS火蔓延速率研究

为研究挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫板(XPS)双火源火焰迁移规律,在不同间距(0.5cm~8cm)的情况下,进行了竖直和水平方向的系列实验。研究发现:火蔓延速率和质量损失速率均随间距先上升后缓慢下降;在竖直方向实验中,火蔓延速率极值点右偏移于质量损失极值点。基于双火源条件下所得到的热解区传热系数,计算出火蔓延速率,进而分析火蔓延速率计算式中对流项和辐射项,得出火蔓延速率随间距的变化主要受控于传热系数。依据此结论解释了火蔓延速率和质量损失趋势相似但两者极值点偏移不同的原因。     

荧光素酶表达基因法(CALUX)用于二噁英检测的研究进展

二噁英是当前环境中存在的毒性最大的物质,具有难分解性和高生物蓄积性,对人类造成了极大危害,其检测及控制至关重要。二噁英的检测方法主要包括高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱联机方法(HRGC-HRMS)、基于抗原-抗体的酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)以及基于总毒性当量(TEQ)的生物检测法等,荧光素酶表达基因法(chemical-luciferase gene expression,CALUX)因其检测灵敏度和准确性高、检测范围广、操作简便快速、分析费用低等优点成为二噁英筛选检测的首选方法。本文对CALUX技术用于二噁英的检测研究进展进行了系统评述,并提出二噁英CALUX检测方法体系未来研究方向。     

Response of Neotropical Bat Assemblages to Human Land Use

Neotropical bats are sensitive to human‐induced habitat changes, and some authors believe bats can be used as bioindicators. In the literature, however, the results are disparate. Some results show bat diversity deceases as disturbance increases, whereas others indicate no effect. Determining the general response patterns of bats when they encounter different degrees of human‐induced disturbance across the Neotropics would help to determine their usefulness as bioindicators. In a series of meta‐analyses, we compared the occurrence frequency of bat species between well‐preserved forests and human‐use areas. We obtained data through an extensive review of published peer‐reviewed articles, theses, and reports. The overall effect size indicated that human‐use areas harbored more bat species than well‐preserved forests. Different response patterns emerged when meta‐analyses were conducted separately by family, feeding habit, vegetation stratum, and conservation status. Our results suggest that bat assemblages display strong responses to forest loss and land‐use change and that the direction and magnitude of these responses depends on the bat group under study and the type of disturbance. Our results are consistent with the idea that bats are useful for assessing the effects of habitat changes in the Neotropics. However, with our meta‐analyses we could not detect fine differences in bat feeding habits, especially within Phyllostomidae, or elucidate the effect of landscape configuration. Respuesta de Ensambles de Murciélagos Neotropicales al Uso de Suelo por Humanos     

Integrating livelihoods and conservation in protected areas: understanding the role and stakeholder views on prospects for non-timber forest products,a Bangladesh case study

Protected areas (PAs) represent a key global strategy in biodiversity conservation. In tropical developing countries, the management of PAs is a great challenge as many contain resources on which local communities rely. Collection and trading of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is a well-established forest-based livelihood strategy, which has been promoted as a potential means for enhanced conservation and improved rural livelihoods in recent years, even though the sustainability or ecological implications have rarely been tested. We conducted an exploratory survey to understand the role and stakeholder views on conservation prospects and perceived ecological feasibility of NTFPs and harvesting schemes in a northeastern PA of Bangladesh, namely the Satchari National Park. Households (n?=?101) were interviewed from three different forest dependency categories, adopting a stratified random sampling approach and using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study identified 13 locally important NTFPs, with five being critically important to supporting local livelihoods. Our study suggests that collection, processing and trading in NTFPs constitutes the primary occupation for about 18% of local inhabitants and account for an estimated 19% of their cash annual income. The household consensus on issues relating to NTFPs and their prospective role in conservation was surprisingly high, with 48% of respondents believing that promotion of NTFPs in the PA could have positive conservation value. The majority (71%) of households also had some understanding of the ecological implications of NTFP harvesting, sustainability (53%) and possible management and monitoring regimes (100%). With little known about their real application in the field, our study suggests further investigations are required to understand the ecological compatibility of traditional NTFP harvesting patterns and management.     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对几种典型凋落物分解的影响

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对植物生长不同关键时期凋落物分解的贡献可能具有显著差异,但一直缺乏必要关注。以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林典型人工林树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei),次生林树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落物为研究对象,采用凋落物分解袋试验,根据植物叶片物候规律在非生长季节(秋末落叶期、萌动期和展叶期)和生长季节(叶片成熟期、盛叶期和叶衰期)不同关键时期动态研究土壤动物对凋落物失重率的影响。土壤动物对4种典型物种凋落物分解均表现出明显贡献,其作用的凋落物失重率分别为：17.78%(麻栎)>14.23%(柳杉)>9.61%(香樟)>8.21%(马尾松)。相对于其他时期,四个树种的土壤动物贡献率均在秋末落叶期最小,除马尾松在叶衰期土壤动物贡献率最大以外,其余3个物种均在盛叶期土壤动物的贡献率最大,且土壤动物对阔叶分解的贡献率大于针叶。相关分析表明,除温度显著影响各关键时期土壤动物对凋落物的贡献外,整个第一年土壤动物作用的凋落物失重率及贡献率与纤维素含量和C/N显著相关,但在非生长季节主要与N含量、C/N和木质素/纤维素密切相关,而生长季节主要相关于木质素/N。这些结果为深入理解亚热带常绿阔叶林物质循环及其与植物生长过程的关系提供了一定的基础数据。     

The socioeconomic effects of a landslide in Western Washington

Abstract

Landslides can create permanently unstable sites that cannot be repaired or developed, and as a result, can cause severe economic and social consequences for families and communities. This study examines the economic and social effects of a landslide that struck Western Washington in February 1999. Two years after the landslide, property owners completed a confidential questionnaire. Property owners experienced significant personal financial losses and received little financial assistance to recover. Most (93%) did not receive any relief from their insurance policies, and 7% received only temporary rental assistance. Participants reported a variety of monetary and personal losses that were associated with emotional distress. They also reported a variety of gains and new perspectives on life. In this paper, we consider mechanisms to reduce the economic losses of landslides as well as implications and future research directions.