农村景观规划与生态建设

介绍了农村景观的发展与变化 ,论述了农村景观生态规划的内容与原则 ,并介绍了 5种典型的景观生态建设模式。     

Optimizing the Monitoring Strategy of Wastewater Treatment Plants by Multiobjective Neural Networks Approach

This paper applies artificial neural network (ANN) to model the observed effluent quality data. The ANN’s structure, involving the number of hidden layer and node and their connection, is determined endogenously by resorting to the compromise of data cost minimization and prediction accuracy maximization. To obtain the best compromise possible, the model introduces an aspiration variable (μ) that represents the level of aspiration achieved in one objective and the conjugate of μ, (1 − μ), represents level of aspiration achieved in the other objective. Because a massive amount of calculation is required, the model applies genetic algorithm (GA) for its computational flexibility and capability to ensure global solution. Feasibility and practicality of the model is tested by a case study with a set of 150 daily observations on 17 operational variables and quality parameters at an industrial wastewater treatment plant (WTP) located in southern Taiwan. Of these 17 variables open to selection, only 6 variables, wastewater flow rate (Q), CN⁻, SS, MLSS, pH and COD are selected by the model to achieve the maximum accuracy of prediction, 0.94, with a total cost of 5,950 NT$. By constraining budget availability, the variables included in the model are reduced in number, causing a concomitant reduction in prediction accuracy, that is, by varying μ (aspiration level of accuracy), a trajectory of cost and accuracy is generated. The calculation results a cost of 3,650 NT$ and 0.54 accuracy for the case with variables including flow rate, SCN⁻ and SS in equalization basin; aeration tank hydraulic retention time (HRT) and percentage of returned sludge (R%) are selected for building the prediction model when the importance of required budget is equal to the accuracy of prediction model. In addition, when required cost for building ANN model is between 3,650 NT$ and 3,900 NT$, the marginal return of budget input is highest in the entire range of calculation.     

改进“自然景观旅游区环境监测方案”的思考——以武陵源景区为例

旅游区环境监测是获取环境质量信息,进行有效环境管理的基础性工作.由于游客对自然景观区环境要求的特殊性和景区污染排放方式的独特性,自然景观旅游区的环境监测方案设计也应区别于其他区域.以世界自然遗产武陵源风景区为例,运用资料收集、实地调查、访谈等方法对其环境监测方案进行调查,按照旅游环境管理要求对其分析评价,发现存在的问题.在此基础上,提出自然景观区环境监测方案的改进思路,使其更符合自然景观区的环境特点与管理要求.     

Application of an early warning indicator and CaO to maximize the time–space-yield of an completely mixed waste digester using rape seed oil as co-substrate

In order to increase the organic loading rate (OLR) and hereby the performance of biogas plants an early warning indicator (EWI-VFA/Ca) was applied in a laboratory-scale biogas digester to control process stability and to steer additive dosing. As soon as the EWI-VFA/Ca indicated the change from stable to instable process conditions, calcium oxide was charged as a countermeasure to raise the pH and to bind long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) by formation of aggregates. An interval of eight days between two increases of the OLR, which corresponded to 38% of the hydraulic residence time (HRT), was sufficient for process adaptation. An OLR increase by a factor of three within six weeks was successfully used for biogas production. The OLR was increased to 9.5 kg volatile solids (VS) m^?3 d^?1 with up to 87% of fat. The high loading rates affected neither the microbial community negatively nor the biogas production process. Despite the increase of the organic load to high rates, methane production yielded almost its optimum, amounting to 0.9 m³ (kg VS)^?1. Beneath several uncharacterized members of the phylum Firmicutes mostly belonging to the family Clostridiaceae, a Syntrophomonas-like organism was identified that is known to live in a syntrophic relationship to methanogenic archaea. Within the methanogenic group, microorganisms affiliated to Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium dominated the community.     

尾矿库伴生放射性污染清除水平估算研究

通过RESRAD程序模拟估算了某尾矿库伴生放射性污染清除水平,同时对尾矿库中的232 Th模拟估算参数进行设定,并对剂量约束限值的确定、照射情景分析、照射途径设定、模式参数设定、计算机模拟估算清除水平及估算结果分析等进行了分析研究。结果表明,此尾矿库中232 Th及其长寿命子体所致最大年有效剂量约为10.7mSv/a,超出了预设的0.25mSv/a的剂量约束限值;致癌风险0.023 5,远超出人们的可接受水平;当在剂量约束限值为0.25mSv/a时,此尾矿库土壤中的232 Th清除水平为0.047Bq/g。通过分析表明,该尾矿库开放前,必须采取一定措施,进行清除工作。     

城市大气污染传递函数矩阵表一定量现状分析工具

污染源治理和大气污染总量控制的实施需要对城市进行大气污染现状的定量分析。城市大气污染传递函数矩阵表是用于确定城市污染源与关心点的大气质量的定量关系的一种方法。本文提出一个适用于不同地形条件和满足城市特点的定常高斯模式（LEECM－Ⅱ计算机程序）计算和生成污染传递函数表方法。同时给出不同城市大气质量评价中应用的结果与实测结果有相当好的相关性。结果表明：本文的模式作为大气污染现状分析工具有很强的适应性和实际情况符合较好,可广泛和方便地应用于不同的城市地区的大气污染排放总量控制和污染源规划工作中。     

"APELL计划"及其在长江南京段溢油事故应急处置中的应用

长江南京段的溢油事故具有形式多样、爆发突然、危害性大、处理处置艰巨、影响长期等特点,根据"APELL计划"宗旨及其在世界和我国实施的效果,借鉴国内外溢油事故应急处置经验,建立了长江南京段溢油事故的应急处置计划,为有效预防事故发生、减轻事故危害和损失提供指导和借鉴.     

Testing the Hydrological Landscape Unit Classification System and Other Terrain Analysis Measures for Predicting Low-Flow Nitrate and Chloride in Watersheds

Elevated nitrate concentrations in streamwater are a major environmental management problem. While land use exerts a large control on stream nitrate, hydrology often plays an equally important role. To date, predictions of low-flow nitrate in ungauged watersheds have been poor because of the difficulty in describing the uniqueness of watershed hydrology over large areas. Clearly, hydrologic response varies depending on the states and stocks of water, flow pathways, and residence times. How to capture the dominant hydrological controls that combine with land use to define streamwater nitrate concentration is a major research challenge. This paper tests the new Hydrologic Landscape Regions (HLRs) watershed classification scheme of Wolock and others (Environmental Management 34:S71-S88, 2004) to address the question: Can HLRs be used as a way to predict low-flow nitrate? We also test a number of other indexes including inverse-distance weighting of land use and the well-known topographic index (TI) to address the question: How do other terrain and land use measures compare to HLR in terms of their ability to predict low-flow nitrate concentration? We test this for 76 watersheds in western Oregon using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program and Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program data. We found that HLRs did not significantly improve nitrate predictions beyond the standard TI and land-use metrics. Using TI and inverse-distance weighting did not improve nitrate predictions; the best models were the percentage land use—elevation models. We did, however, see an improvement of chloride predictions using HLRs, TI, and inverse-distance weighting; adding HLRs and TI significantly improved model predictions and the best models used inverse-distance weighting and elevation. One interesting result of this study is elevation consistently predicted nitrate better than TI or the hydrologic classification scheme.     

Multi-locus DNA fingerprinting supports genetic monogamy in Florida scrub-jays

Extensive behavioural and pedigree data on a colour-marked population of Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) suggested that this cooperatively breeding species is monogamous, with extremely rare exceptions in which males have two mates. We used multi-locus DNA fingerprinting to test these observations by determining genetic parentage. Despite restricted dispersal and high relatedness between behavioural parents and non-breeding members of the group, DNA fingerprints provided sufficient variability to determine parentage unambiguously in almost all cases. We found no evidence of extra-pair fertilisation of females or egg dumping, and confirmed a suspected case of polygyny in which a mother and daughter laid and incubated in the same nest. Our results confirm that detailed behavioural data allow accurate assignment of genetic parentage in this species. In Florida scrub-jays, large territory size may limit opportunities for cuckoldry, and persistent intense competition for limited breeding space may lead to low variance in the quality of established male breeders. These factors would reduce both the opportunity for, and benefits of engaging in extra-pair fertilisations. Delayed dispersal and cooperative breeding in this species have not evolved as avenues for direct reproduction by unpaired individuals. Received: 25 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 26 June 1998     

Comparison of Chemical Concentrations in Mussels and Oysters from the United States and France

Results from two 'Mussel Watch'-type monitoring programs were compared: the Réseau National d'Observation de la qualité du milieu marin (RNO), the French monitoring network, and the Mussel Watch Project of the U.S. National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program. 80 RNO sites (47 for mussels and 33 for oysters) and 89 NS&T sites (45 for mussels and 44 for oysters) provided a basis for the comparison of median concentrations of commonly measured trace metals (mercury, lead, zinc, cadmium and copper) and organic chemicals. Lower lead and lindane concentrations in the U.S. were explained by their respective history of use. Differences in Zn and Cu, essential elements for both mussels and oysters, could be due to specific internal regulation processes. Higher cadmium concentrations in the U.S. are possibly related to U.S. coastal areas being richer in nutrients or to a lesser use of this element as a general anticorrosive in France. We could not find any plausible explanation for higher mercury concentrations in France. This first attempt of a comparison of national chemical monitoring programs raises the need for deeper understanding of possible contamination sources.