板材数字化成形加工路径规划研究

在板材数字化成形过程中零件的直壁部分常因为金属变形量过大而极易发生破裂 ,故在加工前需要进行适当的路径规划以控制成形中直壁部分金属过度变形 ,使板材整体壁厚变化缓慢而均匀 ,优化其成形过程 ,最终完成薄板材的直壁部分成形。研究了具体的路径规划方法及其加工轨迹自动生成 ,主要从工艺角度对直壁部分成形作了有益的探索     

A dynamic food-chain model and program for predicting the consequences of nuclear accident

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Prenatal diagnosis of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy

Prenatal diagnosis was performed in two successive pregnancies of a mother with a previous child with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency. In one pregnancy, an affected fetus was diagnosed in the 18th week of gestation after the demonstration of PNP deficiency in cultured amniotic fluid cells. Also an abnormal purine nucleoside profile was found in the amniotic fluid. The diagnosis of an affected fetus was confirmed by the analysis of cultured fetal skin fibroblasts and placental villi. The complete deficiency of PNP activity in placental villi confirms that the prenatal diagnosis of this disorder is possible by the direct investigation of chorionic villi. In the subsequent pregnancy, a heterozygous fetus was predicted in the tenth week of pregnancy by using chorionic villi.     

Experimental manipulation of colony genetic diversity had no effect on short-term task efficiency in the Argentine ant Linepithema humile

Genetic diversity might increase the performance of social groups by improving task efficiency or disease resistance, but direct experimental tests of these hypotheses are rare. We manipulated the level of genetic diversity in colonies of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, and then recorded the short-term task efficiency of these experimental colonies. The efficiency of low and high genetic diversity colonies did not differ significantly for any of the following tasks: exploring a new territory, foraging, moving to a new nest site, or removing corpses. The tests were powerful enough to detect large effects, but may have failed to detect small differences. Indeed, observed effect sizes were generally small, except for the time to create a trail during nest emigration. In addition, genetic diversity had no statistically significant impact on the number of workers, males and females produced by the colony, but these tests had low power. Higher genetic diversity also did not result in lower variance in task efficiency and productivity. In contrast to genetic diversity, colony size was positively correlated with the efficiency at performing most tasks and with colony productivity. Altogether, these results suggest that genetic diversity does not strongly improve short-term task efficiency in L. humile, but that worker number is a key factor determining the success of this invasive species.Communicated by L. Sundström     

BP模型的改进及其在大气污染预报中的应用

针对传统BP模型存在着训练速度较慢、局部极值以及最佳网络结构无法准确确定的不足，进行了改进，应用于城市空气污染预报，建立大气污染浓度的神经网络预测模型。计算结果表明，应用改进的BP模型进行大气污染预报能够得到更好的预测结果，具有很强的实用性。     

An indirect test of inbreeding depression in the termites Reticulitermes flavipes and Reticulitermes virginicus

We analyzed tandem-running pairs of the termites Reticulitermes flavipes and Reticulitermes virginicus utilizing 13 and 12 microsatellite loci, respectively. Newly formed pairs in both species were significantly related to one another, but this average relatedness was considerably higher in R. flavipes (0.130 vs 0.060). These average relatedness levels resulted from some tandem pairs forming between nestmate termites: more than one quarter of all R. flavipes pairs (26.1%) met this criterion, while this was the case for only about one of every 20 R. virginicus pairs (5.1%). The likelihood that termites paired with siblings was inversely related to the inferred dispersal ability of the two species. F _ST, measured over identical spatial scales, was significantly higher in R. flavipes (0.034) than in R. virginicus (0.008). A comparison in R. flavipes of the observed proportion of nestmate pairs observed during tandem running vs the proportion found in established colonies revealed a significant excess of close relatives when pairs were first formed. There are two possible causes of this discrepancy: inbreeding depression (ID) may eliminate inbred colonies early in development, or related pairs may part late in the tandem-running phase or after it is completed. The latter explanation of inbreeding avoidance implies either historical or contemporary ID, and these results therefore suggest that, either directly or indirectly, ID could be a more potent force in the evolution of termite mating systems than is generally appreciated. This work was funded by grants from the United States Department of Agriculture National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program (nos. 00-35302-9377 and 2002-35302-12490).     

利用程控小总机进行安全防护

介绍了一种利用振铃起动电路与小型程控交换机结合，组成子站自动监测系统辅助装置的实用技术，以解决大气自动监测子站微机死机、受干扰后无法自动恢复正常工作和雷击问题。     

A combination line transect and capture-recapture sampling model for multiple observers in aerial surveys

We present a robust sampling methodology to estimate population size using line transect and capture-recapture procedures for aerial surveys. Aerial surveys usually underestimate population density due to animals being missed. A combination of capture-recapture and line transect sampling methods with multiple observers allows violation of the assumption that all animals on the centreline are sighted from the air. We illustrate our method with an example of inanimate objects which shows evidence of failure of the assumption that all objects on the centreline have probability 1 of being detected. A simulation study is implemented to evaluate the performance of three variations of the Lincoln-Petersen estimator: the overall estimator, the stratified estimator, and the general stratified estimator based on the combined likelihood proposed in this paper. The stratified Lincoln-Petersen estimator based on the combined likelihood is found to be generally superior to the other estimators.     

Genetic evidence for the “good genes” process of sexual selection

The adaptive nature of female mate choice remains one of the most contentious issues in the study of sexual selection. Here, I provide evidence that mate choice by females of the ovoviviparous cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea influences the rate at which offspring develop and provides both direct and indirect benefits to the female. Males that are more attractive to females produce offspring with shorter development times than less preferred males. Development time is heritable and apparently unconstrained by antagonistic pleiotropy. Male attractiveness and rate of offspring development are genetically correlated. Offspring gain an indirect benefit from their mother's mate choice because, on average, individuals that hatch faster reach sexual maturity more quickly. Females that discriminate among males gain a direct benefit because N. cinerea is ovoviviparous and the time between clutches is decreased by producing offspring with shorter development. In addition to providing evidence for beneficial consequences of mate choice, this study highlights how genetic data provide insights into the process of sexual selection not gained in a purely phenotypic study.Communicated by P. Pamilo     

在用车推行I/M制度的检测方法的成本效益分析

从检测性能和成本效益两方面对几种检测方法进行分析比较，并结合国内外I/M制度的实施情况和上海市的特点，建议上海市实施I/M制度时，初期对轻型汽油车采用VMAS，后期采用IM240进行检测；对轻型柴油车可采用瞬态简易工况法和Lugdown系统。