重组荧光假单胞菌BioP8在环境中消长动态与安全性评价

通过选择分离培养和PCR鉴定,对转苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀虫蛋白基因荧光假单胞菌BioP8及其天然受体菌P303在温室自然土壤和田间大白菜根际、叶面的环境生存竞争能力进行研究.结果表明,在温室自然土壤中,可培养细菌总量在108 CFU/g土(湿重)左右,40 d内P303和BioP8群落总量分别能维持在105 CFU/g土(湿重)和104 CFU/g土(湿重)左右,100 d后检测不到残留; 在大白菜根际,可培养细菌总量在1010 CFU/g根(湿重)左右,30 d内P303和BioP8可维持在106 CFU/g根(湿重)和105 CFU/g根(湿重),75 d后检测不到残留; 在大白菜叶面,可培养细菌总量在103～106 CFU/ cm2叶片之间波动,处理后3 d的供试菌菌量迅速由105 CFU/ cm2叶片降至最低(103 CFU/cm2叶片和102 CFU/cm2叶片左右),之后回升并以(104和103)CFU/ cm2叶片维持一段时间(第5-15 d),30 d检测不到残留.P303及其工程菌株在温室自然土壤、田间大白菜根际和叶面的定殖时间至少分别为60 d、50 d和15 d,它们的消长动态相似,在温室自然土壤、田间大白菜根际的定殖能力明显强于叶面,BioP8定殖能力弱于出发菌P303.     

有机膨润土对溶液中阿莫西林的吸附性能研究

应用膨润土吸附阿莫西林,探讨了4种吸附剂的吸附效果,并以改性十六烷基三甲基铵盐(DK1)为试验材料,研究了吸附时间、溶液pH值、投加量、初始质量浓度和温度等因素对有机膨润土吸附溶液中阿莫西林效果的影响。结果表明,在自然pH值条件下,DK1的吸附剂效果最佳,且吸附在15min内快速达到平衡。吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程,同时符合Freundlich、Langmuir和Temkin型等温吸附方程,是个吸热的过程,Langmuir理论最大吸附容量在30℃时可达27.86mg/g。对等温方程的研究表明,DK1对阿莫西林的吸附呈单分子层形式,吸附性能良好,易于进行。     

云南个旧多金属矿区农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染现状——以乍甸镇为例

对云南个旧市乍甸镇农田土壤和农作物重金属污染现状进行了野外调查及评价。结果表明:农田土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As质量比均超出GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,Hg未检出,该地区农田呈现以As、Cd为主多种重金属复合污染。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As土壤有效态质量比与土壤全量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。农作物中Cu、As质量比与土壤有效态Cu、As质量比无显著相关,Zn质量比与土壤有效态Zn呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),Cd、Pb质量比与土壤有效态Cd、Pb呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。89%的农作物As超标,油菜籽(Brassica napusL.)As质量比最高,均值达(23.04±14.33)mg/kg(鲜重,下同)。Pb超标率达72%,油菜籽Pb质量比最高,平均为(5.55±2.53)mg/kg。Zn、Cd超标率均为11.11%,超标最严重的油菜籽Zn质量比为(46.65±13.61)mg/kg,Cd质量比为(0.24±0.10)mg/kg。Cu超标率为5.55%,油菜籽Cu质量比最高,达(16.02±2.75)mg/kg。油菜籽对As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的转移系数(农作物可食部分重金属质量比(鲜重)与土壤重金属质量比的比值)远高于其他作物。农作物对Pb、Zn、Cd、As的转移顺序依次为果实类、叶菜类、根茎类,对Cu的转移顺序为果实类、根茎类、叶菜类。农作物以As、Pb污染为主,总体属重度污染。聚类分析得出:油菜籽、青蒜(Allium ampeloprasumL.)和生菜(Lactuca sativaL.var.ramosaHort.)重金属污染严重,不适合在该地区继续种植和食用。     

HDTMA改性蒙脱土的稳定性

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)改性天然蒙脱土,观察其在不同环境条件下的稳定性.试验结果表明:随着阳离子交换量(CEC)的增加改性蒙脱土在蒸馏水中的稳定性逐渐降低,1.0CEC改性蒙脱土中HDTMA发生解吸.改性蒙脱土在水体中的稳定性随着振荡强度的加强而降低.从室温到70℃对改性蒙脱土的稳定性几乎无影响.超声波处理使改性蒙脱土的稳定性有所降低.NaCl能提高水体中改性蒙脱土的稳定性,而CaCl₂却使其稳定性有所下降.同酸性条件相比,在碱性条件下改性蒙脱土的稳定性更好.因此,废水的温度、pH和无机盐对低改性蒙脱土稳定性的影响都比较小,这为改性蒙脱土处理废水和它的再生提供了可能.同时在较低振荡强度下,改性蒙脱土也许还能成为废水生物处理的载体.     

新垦赤红壤不同轮作的养分变化

五年的研究结果是:赤红壤耕垦之后只要采取合理的轮作和结合适当的秸秆返回措施,它的肥力就可以得到保持,而且还可以获得显著提高。在四种轮作形式中,效果最明显的为1:1,它的土壤有机质、全量N、P、K含量比轮作前分别提高了L 22、1.84、2.27和0.06倍1:2和2:1的效果较差,分别提高了0.57、0.83、2.08、0.39倍和1.02、0.91、1.46、-0.07倍,0:1的由于没有轮作,加上每年把长好的草皮铲走,导致了土壤有机质、全氮量反而比轮作前下降了6.5％和25.0％。随着轮作土壤养分的提高,土壤物理和微生物状况也获得了改善。     

Differentiated impacts of environmental policies on the Colombian Frontier: coercive conservation and containment of illicit activities in the Pacific and the Ariari region

ABSTRACT

This article, through the use of political ecology perspectives on coercive conservation, aims to explain how in two separate Colombian Natural Parks and buffer zones, environmental policies designed to (re)take control of the frontier, have produced a similar territorial differentiation in the contention of illicit activities. Los Farallones in the Colombian Pacific and La Macarena/Puerto Rico in the Ariari region have experienced different stages of the armed conflict and are at the center of this analysis. I argue that in the contexts of both conflict escalation (1998–2007) and conflict de-escalation (2008–2016), the State in its attempt to control the frontier has not only had military intervention in areas of conservation but has also reinforced environmental programs that attack illegal mining and coca, producing both a territorially differentiated containment of illicit activities and an uneven progression of the illicit frontier.     

PVA-SbQ固定叶绿体及其生物传感器在检测除草剂中的应用

聚乙烯－苯乙烯吡啶（PVA－SbQ）是一种新的光敏聚合物，在紫外光诱导下形成大分子网状结构，电镜照片显示PVA－SbQ固定的新鲜菠菜叶绿体－20℃贮存6mo后，内，外膜结构完整，类囊体膜排列整齐，还原DPIP的能力保留50％，将叶绿体膜固定在铂电极上，制成生物传感器，在含0．035H2O2的50mmol L^-1,pH7.4Tris-HCl缓冲液中，25℃条件下用示差脉冲伏安法检测除草剂，在0－1.0 μg/L浓度范围，百草枯，敌草隆，扑草净和阿特闰津具有较好的线性关系。图6参29     

水平基因转移及其在污染修复中的应用

水平基因转移加速了部分生物体基因组的进化和革新;但随着基因改造生物的大量运用,由水平基因转移引起的生态安全问题越来越成为人们争论的焦点.由于大量异生污染物的产生,污染地区成为细菌水平基因转移的一个"热点"区域.为了实现污染地区的生物修复及强化难降解废水处理的效果,人为的制造和加快特定降解基因的水平转移被认为是解决这些问题的一个新思路.图2参57     

Conservation Biology, Genetically Modified Organisms, and the Biosafety Protocol

Abstract:  Concerns have been raised regarding the potential adverse effects on biological diversity of the use of living modified organisms (LMOs, which are commonly known by similar terms such as genetically modified organisms). At the international level these concerns are addressed in part by an agreement known as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and include potential toxic effects of insect-resistant crops on nontarget organisms and potential ecological effects of gene flow from modified crops, fish, microorganisms, or insects to wild species or counterparts. We reviewed the protocol's main provisions, including those dealing with risk assessment and risk management, decision making on imports, documentation accompanying shipments, and liability resulting from damages caused by LMOs. A medium-term program of work has been adopted by the parties, which includes the potential contribution of conservation biologists to delivering capacity building, developing risk assessment guidance, evaluating mechanisms of potential ecological damages from LMOs, and other issues. Conservation biologists and other experts have opportunities to influence the negotiations and implementation of the protocol by providing inputs at meetings, offering expertise to governments and organizations, and participating in or developing relevant projects and initiatives. Involvement of conservation biologists in the implementation and further development of the protocol would contribute to its effectiveness.     

化学修饰电极在环境微量及痕量有机物分析中的应用

根据实验研究及国内外文献,从伏安及电位溶出分析,流动注射/液相色谱电化学检测,化学修饰电极生物传感器及化学修饰电极预富集—石墨炉原子吸收法联用等方面,重点综述了化学修饰电极在环境微量及痕量有机物分析中的应用。