Growth of Plants on TBT-contaminated Harbour Sludge and Effect on TBT Removal (10 pp)

Background Worldwide, large amounts of sediments have to be dredged annually from waterways and harbours. These sediments are sometimes polluted with a variety of toxic compounds. In some countries, including Belgium, the load with the biocide tributyltin (TBT) from ship coatings prohibits the dumping of harbour sludge into the sea. Land-based dumping is a commonly used alternative. Objective This research investigated the feasibility to use land-deposited harbour sludge for plant production. In a field trial, the growth of 38 more or less salt-tolerant plant species on low and high TBT-contaminated sediments was studied. The elimination of TBT from sludge with and without vegetation was compared. The uptake of TBT and its degradation products di- and monobutyltin (DBT and MBT) into harvest products under field conditions was determined. - Experimental Set-up. Sediments dredged in May 2003 from the brackish waters of the port of Antwerp were analysed in the laboratory for soil texture, pH, electroconductivity, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, nitrate, total nitrogen, chloride, sulphur and the organotins TBT, DBT and MBT. The sediments were lagooned for one year to dewater, desalinate and improve their structure. Salt-tolerant domestic and wild plants were selected and sown in May 2004. In August 2004, plants were harvested and the produced biomass was determined. Samples were taken from vegetated and non-vegetated top and bottom sediments and from plants growing above soil and analysed for TBT, DBT and MBT. Results The fresh sediments showed a good supply with nutrients and a neutral pH, but were rather saline (EC 14 mS cm-1 of the saturated paste extract). The salinity decreased to 3.7 mS cm-1 during lagoonation. The high and the low contaminated sediment had initially 43 and 1.6 mg TBT kg-1 dry weight, respectively. Besides TBT, several other contaminants were present in the sediments at critical levels. The biomass production of the plant species from the field trial ranged from 0.2 to 13 tons dry mass per hectare. Plants performing excellently were barley, sorghum, rape seed, a clover/grass mix and reed. If at all, a positive influence of TBT on plant growth was seen. TBT was degraded significantly faster (>40%) below barley. The uptake of TBT, DBT and MBT into stem and leaves of reed, grass and clover was very low, but measurable and not related to concentrations in soil. No uptake of TBT or its metabolites into corn of barley was found. Discussion This study confirmed former results: the toxicity of TBT to higher plants is low, and even high levels in soils would not be a hindrance for crop production. The removal of TBT seemed to be increased by both lagooning and plant growth, although the target values for sea dumping in use in certain European countries were not reached. A plausible explanation for the faster degradation of TBT under vegetation is that oxygen is a limiting factor, and plants dewater the soil, thus aerating it. The uptake of the organotins TBT, DBT and MBT into harvest products is probably due to attached soil particles. Conclusions To summarize, barley was the optimal species: it grew very well despite the salinity of the dredged sediments, it had a significantly positive effect on TBT removal; it showed no measurable uptake of TBT or the other butyltins into the harvested product; and it is a cash crop well established in European agriculture. Outlook The amounts of dredged sediments are high, and good soils are becoming increasingly rare. The feasibility of using dredged sediments for non-food production, such as energy crops, should be investigated by a critical risk assessment.     

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

改性膨润土和沉水植物联合作用处理沉积物磷

首次将改性膨润土（modified bentonite,MB）作为原位吸附材料与沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria spiralis,V.spiralis）联合处理沉积物磷.研究结果表明,MB可以促进沉水植物V.spiralis的生长, V.spiralis可能通过根系分泌作用促进溶磷或是通过促进根际微生物群落的P代谢活性增加沉积物中的生物可利用性P含量.MB与沉水植物V.spiralis对沉积物P的联合作用效果优于MB和沉水植物V.spiralis单独作用之和.厚度5cm MB和V.spiralis联合作用对沉积物TP,IP,OP,Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除率可达59.8%,57.1%,67.8%,66.7%和44.7%.微生物试验结果表明,厚壁菌门Erysipelotrichaceae科的菌属PSB-M-3是联合组相比单一V.spiralis组或单一MB组微生物群落P代谢功能增强的主要贡献者.本研究还首次发现了Erysipelotrichaceae科微生物可作为沉积物中潜在的除磷菌.研究结果表明MB和沉水植物联合控制沉积物磷技术可进一步应用到富营养化湖泊沉积物控制工程.     

7种改性水稻秸秆对溶液中Cd2+的吸附

为实现废弃水稻秸秆资源化利用及其治理水环境中Cd²⁺的污染问题,用KMnO₄、KOH、H₂O₂、KOH+H₂O₂、酒石酸、柠檬酸、TiO₂对水稻秸秆进行改性,制成不同的水稻秸秆吸附剂来吸附溶液中的Cd²⁺,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪和Zeta电位仪对改性前后的水稻秸秆进行表征分析,吸附过程采用准一级动力学方程、修正一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散模型进行拟合.结果表明：在Cd²⁺初始浓度100mg/L,pH7,水稻秸秆添加量为10g/L,25℃条件下,7种改性水稻秸秆吸附Cd²⁺的效果不同,其中经KMnO₄改性的水稻秸秆对Cd²⁺的吸附效果最好,吸附量达10.024mg/g,对Cd²⁺的去除率达到99.24%,比未改性水稻秸秆提高了99.44%,其次是KOH和KOH+H₂O₂改性处理的水稻秸秆,吸附量分别达到了9.302和9.189mg/g,对Cd²⁺的去除率分别达92.62%和90.82%,比未改性水稻秸秆分别提高了85.07%和82.83%.改性处理水稻秸秆吸附Cd²⁺的效果顺序为：KMnO₄ > KOH > KOH+H₂O₂ > TiO₂ > H₂O₂ > 柠檬酸 > 酒石酸.对于Cd²⁺的吸附过程,准一级速率方程只能较好地描述吸附初始阶段,准二级动力学方程则能很好地描述吸附的整个过程.经KMnO₄,KOH和KOH+H₂O₂改性的水稻秸秆是具有潜在利用价值的废水中Cd²⁺吸附剂.     

强化混凝和改性活性炭对二级出水DON的作用机制

探讨强化混凝和改性活性炭对城市污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机氮（DON）作用机制,分析相对分子量以及亲疏水组分变化,并考察氯化消毒副产物生成势变化特征,结合三维荧光（3DEEM）光谱分析手段,对强化混凝和活性炭吸附前后DON组成,化学结构特征进行研究.结果表明：强化混凝可以明显提高DON的去除效果,DON去除率通过pH值强化混凝提高到1.45倍,臭氧强化混凝提高到2.06倍,PAC强化混凝提高到2.09倍,PAM强化混凝提高到1.96倍.活性炭对DON吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型.DON吸附过程中,酸改性活性炭表面主要是π-π色散力作用机理,而碱改性活性炭表面主要是给电子-受电子复合物形成机制.在强化混凝和活性炭吸附作用下,DON的相对分子量和组分发生较大变化,而消毒副产物的生成势大幅下降.经3DEEM和光谱区域体积积分法（FRI）分析,在强化混凝和活性炭吸附过程中DON及消毒副产物生成潜势与荧光区域Ⅱ和区域Ⅳ所代表物质有关.     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺在重庆某污水处理厂的应用

介绍了重庆某污水处理厂改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺的构造、原理与主要设计参数,总结了该工艺的低温启动经验。11个月的稳定运行表明,系统在进水BOD5、CODcr、NH3-N、TN和TP浓度分别为67 mg/L～264 mg/L、281 mg/L～902 mg/L、10.1 mg/L～37.8 mg/L、20.4 mg/L～72.7 mg/L和3.1 mg/L～12.3 mg/L条件下,去除率分别达到96.3%～99.1%、90.8%～99.6%、78.2%～99.4%、63.6%～89.9%和80.6%～98.4%,各项出水指标达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级B标准。     

A novel aminated polymeric adsorbent for removing refractory dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate treatment plant

Refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) from landfill leachate treatment plant was with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. An aminated polymeric adsorbent NDA-8 with tertiary amino groups and sufficient mesopore was synthesized, which exhibited high adsorption capacity to the DOM (raw water after coagulation). Resin NDA-8 performed better in the uptake of the DOM than resin DAX-8 and A100. Electrostatic attraction was considered as the decisive interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. Special attention was paid to the correlation between porous structure and adsorption capacity. The mesopore of NDA-8 played a crucial role during uptake of the DOM. In general, resin in chloride form performed a higher removal rate of DOC. According to the column adsorption test, total adsorption capacity of NDA-8 was calculated to 52.28 mg DOC/mL wet resin. 0.2 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution could regenerate the adsorbent efficiently.     

改性锯末吸附含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的实验研究

初步探讨了以改性后的锯末作为吸附剂去除废水中的Cr（Ⅵ）,实验表明改性锯末对于不同浓度的含Cr（Ⅵ）废水都具有较高的去除率。同时通过实验研究了pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂量、初始浓度等因素对吸附去除率的影响。     

改性淀粉絮凝剂处理含油废水的试验效果

通过将玉米淀粉与氢氧化钠、三氯化铝和无水碳酸钠在恒温磁力搅拌器上搅拌、加热,使得玉米淀粉改性,制得改性淀粉絮凝剂,并研究了改性淀粉絮凝剂对含油废水的处理效果.试验结果显示,在搅拌速度与时间分别为快搅速度200 r/min,快搅时间0.5 min;慢搅速度100 r/min,慢搅时间3 min的情况下,使用改性淀粉絮凝剂处理含油废水时,COD去除率为77.94%、石油类去除率为61.2%、透光率为62.7%、SS去除率为79.96%;最佳反应条件为:投药量为12 mg/L、温度为5~30℃、pH值为6-8.     

Removal of humic acid from aqueous solution by cetylpyridinium bromide modified zeolite

Natural zeolite was modified by loading cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) to create more e cient sites for humic acid (HA) adsorption. The natural and CPB modified zeolites were characterized with X-ray di raction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The e ects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, initial HA concentration, solution pH and coexistent Ca2+, upon HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolites were evaluated. The results showed that natural zeolite had negligible a nity for HA in aqueous solutions, but CPB modified zeolites exhibited high adsorption e ciency for HA. A higher CPB loading on natural zeolites exhibited a larger HA adsorption capacity. Acidic pH and coexistent Ca2+ were proved to be favorable for HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolite. The kinetic process was well described by pseudo second-order model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir and Sips models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CPB modified zeolite with surfactant bilayer coverage was found to be 92.0 mg/g.