Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O₂) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O₂, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain.     

汶川地震局部地形对地震动的影响

关于局部地形对地震动的影响,一直是地震工程学的研究热点。选取汶川地震中自贡地形台有强震记录的山脊地形和典型地震灾害的北川县城河谷地形进行了强震观测记录、规范方法和数值模拟下的地形放大效应分析,结果表明:(1)规范法基本上可满足一般工程场地的要求;(2)对人员密集居住的高度大于60 m的较陡地形,建议应进行二维(三维)数值模拟下的地形效应分析。这为规范的修订提供了一些基础资料。     

Alga-lysing bioreactor and the dominant bacteria strain

Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH3-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-a) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH3-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database.     

柱色谱法批量分离N-甲基-2-(3-硝基苯基)吡咯烷[3’,4’:1,2][60]富勒烯研究

经C60、N-甲基甘氨酸和间硝基苯甲醛反应得到N-甲基-2-(3-硝基苯基)吡咯烷[3′,4′∶1,2][60]富勒烯(MNPF)反应液,旋转蒸发干燥得质量分数为23%的MNPF粗品,采用柱色谱法批量分离其中的MNPF。确定了柱色谱法批量分离MNPF的最佳工艺条件:二硫化碳为流动相,柱层析用硅胶(37~48μm)为固定相,色谱柱直径5cm,高径比为6∶1,最大上样量为23 g。此时分离所得MNPF纯度达99%,回收率为92.3%。     

Expert risk perceptions and the social amplification of risk: A case study in invasive tree pests and diseases

The Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) is often used as a conceptual tool for studying diverse risk perceptions associated with environmental hazards. While widely applied, it has been criticised for implying that it is possible to define a benchmark ‘real’ risk that is determined by experts and around which public risk perceptions can subsequently become amplified. It has been argued that this objectification of risk is particularly problematic when there are high levels of scientific uncertainty and a lack of expert consensus about the nature of a risk and its impacts. In order to explore this further, this paper examines how ‘experts’ – defined in this case as scientists, policy makers, outbreak managers and key stakeholders – construct and assemble their understanding of the risks associated with two invasive tree pest and disease outbreaks in the UK, ash dieback and oak processionary moth. Through semi-structured interviews with experts in each of the case study outbreaks, the paper aims to better understand the nature of information sources drawn on to construct perceptions of tree health risks, especially when uncertainty is prevalent. A key conclusion is that risk assessment is a socially-mediated, relational and incremental process with experts drawing on a range of official, anecdotal and experiential sources of information, as well as reference to past events in order to assemble the risk case. Aligned with this, experts make attributions about public concern, especially when the evidence base is incomplete and there is a need to justify policy and management actions and safeguard reputation.     

改性沸石覆盖对底泥微生物的影响

取现代·滏阳原著湿地公园河流表层底泥试样,分别进行高温、盐酸和氯化钠改性沸石覆盖的静态模拟试验,并通过Illumina平台对覆盖前后的底泥进行高通量测序,分析了底泥微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,目标河段底泥中细菌物种分布均匀,变形菌门为最主要的优势菌种;虽然不同改性沸石覆盖对底泥微生物群落均存在不同程度的影响,但基本不会破坏原河流生态系统稳定性.本次试验为河流修复过程中的人工扰动提供了新的评价思路和方法,对本次试验的目标河段治理具有一定的指导意义.     

影响悬浮颗粒物吸收系数测量的相关因素研究

水体悬浮颗粒物吸收系数是水色遥感研究中的关键参数之一,为研究不同因素对吸收系数测量结果的影响,分别采用透射法(T法)、透射反射法(T-R法)和吸收法(A法)测量颗粒物吸收系数.结果表明,A法在测量悬浮颗粒物吸收系数时受滤膜差异性、滤膜含水量以及滤膜颗粒物分布不均匀等因素的影响较小,测量精度较高.对不同测量方法的光程放大因子的研究结果表明,不同测量方法,不同颗粒物富集量会有不同的光程放大因子.采用线性拟合的方法求得A法、T法和T-R法的平均光程放大因子为4.01、2.32和2.20,相关系数分别为0.90、0.80和0.87.对于A法和T-R法,采用二次多项式拟合的方法计算光程放大因子可以提高测量精度,相关系数分别为0.95和0.94.对比各影响因素对测量结果造成的平均相对误差发现,光程放大因子是颗粒物吸收系数测量最大的误差来源.     

一种改进的SON-PCR基因扩增方法

单侧寡聚核苷酸嵌套PCR(single oligonucleotide nested PCR,SON-PCR)是一种简便易行的由已知序列克隆其侧翼序列的方法,但该法的第二轮PCR反应引发效率低,而且得到的产物两端含相同的引物序列,不可直接测序.针对该问题,将第二轮PCR改进为两段式扩增,即先以单侧嵌套引物引发5′端做选择性线性扩增,然后再加入第一轮引物特异引发3′端,使特异性和效率都得到很大提高,并可用PCR产物直接测序.分别用已报道的和改进的SON-PCR法克隆Botrytis cinerea羟甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶基因侧翼序列,后者获得期望结果,证明改进的SON-PCR方法行之有效.国内外尚未见同类报道.图4参7     

筋‐土界面刚度软化对加筋土挡墙动力特性的影响∗

加筋土挡墙被广泛应用于公路工程、铁路工程、水利工程、边坡等支挡结构中,筋土界面的动力剪切特性对加筋土挡墙的稳定性和耐久性有重要的影响。采用室内直剪试验研究了不同剪切频率(1 Hz,2 Hz,3 Hz)和不同竖向压力(50 kPa,100 kPa,150 kPa)条件下粗粒土与格栅界面的循环剪切特性。通过对循环剪切试验数据的拟合分析得到了筋土界面剪切刚度变化的经验公式,然后编制fish语言将该公式导入FLAC3D软件。通过分析考虑筋土界面剪切刚度变化规律的加筋挡土墙三维计算模型,并与振动台试验的试验数据进行了对比验证,发现了考虑筋土界面刚度软化的模型更符合实际情况。采用验证以后的三维计算模型对地震作用下考虑筋土界面和不考虑筋土界面剪切刚度软化的加筋土挡墙动力特性进行了对比分析。结果表明:考虑筋土界面剪切刚度的软化对地震作用下加筋土挡墙有明显的影响,在地震峰值加速度为0.4g时,考虑软化后墙体水平位移比不考虑软化增大了8.8%,加速度放大系数比不考虑软化增大了1.76%,筋材的最大拉力比不考虑软化的减小了6.9%。因此筋土界面的剪切刚度软化对地震作用下加筋土挡墙的影响不可忽略。     

深厚软弱场地地震反应特性研究

以南京、盐城、上海的 3个典型场地作为长江下游地区深厚软弱场地的代表 ,探讨了深厚软弱场地的地震效应特性。首先 ,利用南京工业大学岩土工程研究所自行研制的GZZ 1自振柱试验机 ,对 3个典型场地的原状土样进行试验研究 ,获得了各类典型土的动剪切模量和阻尼比随剪应变的变化曲线 ;其次 ,选用Taft、ElCentro和Northridge地震记录作为输入地震动 ,将Taft、ElCentro和Northridge地震波加速度时程的峰值水平调整为 0 .35m/s2 ,0 .70m/s2和 0 .98m/s2 ,利用程序SHAKE91对 3个场地进行了输入不同地震波、不同峰值加速度水平的 2 7种组合的地震反应分析。数值分析表明 :场地条件和基岩输入地震动特性对土层的地震加速度放大效应有显著影响 ,地表处的地震加速度放大系数随着输入地震波峰值的增加而减小 ,土层内部的这种规律性不如地表处表现得明显 ;地表软弱土的存在使土层地表处的地震加速度放大系数急剧增大 ,场地内部软弱土夹层处的地震加速度放大系数急剧增大 ,强震时易失效 ;互层土特殊的层理构造会造成该土层的剪应变幅值急剧增大。