基于GIS的遵义市地下水资源管理系统的设计与开发

以先进的地理信息系统软件为平台,结合遵义市地下水资源的特点与水资源管理的实际情况以及未来发展趋势,提出了遵义市地下水资源地理信息系统设计与开发的总体构想。     

图形叠置法在铁路噪声环境影响评价中的应用研究

采用图形叠置法评价铁路线路对周围环境的噪声影响，用噪声综合影响面积来反映影响大小，对各种线路方案噪声影响程度进行排序。所得结论应用到铁路线路的方案比选过程中，有助于选择出对环境噪声影响“最小”的方案，实现铁路建设和环境保护相协调的目标。评价中引入地理信息系统，充分利用其空间分析和处理属性数据的功能，大大提高了工作的效率和结论的准确程度。     

酸处理对活性污泥脱水性能的影响及其作用机理

用硫酸对活性污泥进行脱水前预处理,可使污泥中水分分布发生有利于机械脱水的变化,即结合水含量减少、可脱水程度增大,从而改善活性污泥脱水效果.试验数据表明,只加阳离子PAM调理,污泥经过板框压滤脱水后(压榨时间30 min)泥饼含水率为76.14%;经过酸化预处理后再加阳离子PAM可以使泥饼含水率降至70.24%.不管是过滤脱水还是离心脱水过程,酸处理对污泥脱水速率没有太大影响,却可以提高污泥可脱水程度.进一步研究发现,酸处理的机理是:酸处理使污泥中胞外聚合物ECP水解、微生物细胞瓦解,从而絮体内部间隙水、细胞内部间隙水被释放变成自由水,污泥水分分布发生变化,污泥可脱水程度提高,最终导致污泥脱水效果好.     

Biogeography of diseases: a framework for analysis

A growing body of literature offers a framework for understanding geographic and ecological distributions of species; a few applications of this framework have treated disease transmission systems and their geography. The general framework focuses on interactions among abiotic requirements, biotic constraints, and dispersal abilities of species as determinants of distributional areas. Disease transmission systems have key differences from other sorts of biological phenomena: Interactions among species are particularly important, interactions may be stable or unstable, abiotic conditions may be relatively less important in shaping disease distributions, and dispersal abilities may be quite variable. The ways in which these differences may influence disease transmission geography are complex; I illustrate their effects by means of worked examples regarding West Nile Virus, plague, filoviruses, and yellow fever.     

基于RS和GIS的峨眉山风景区生态风险评价

风景区的生态风险评价有助于指导其村镇建设、产业发展和实现绿色生态可持续发展.为探究峨眉山风景区生态风险分布和主要影响因素,在RS(Remote Sensing,遥感)和GIS(Geographic Information System,地理信息系统)技术支持下,以2015年土地覆盖数据为基础,结合DEM、遥感影像数据,从自然灾害和人类干扰两方面分析生态风险,依据生态风险度量原理,通过计算风险发生概率和生态易损性求得生态风险值,利用克里金插值法求得峨眉山风景区生态风险空间分布.结果表明:①峨眉山风景区综合生态风险值较小,主要受自然灾害影响,其贡献率高达89.9%;人类干扰带来的影响也不可忽视,贡献率为10.1%.自然灾害中,干旱、地质灾害对风景区的影响较大,贡献率分别为40.9%、49.3%.②峨眉山风景区综合生态风险呈条带状分布,越往东综合生态风险值越大,自然灾害风险空间分布与其基本一致.综合生态风险高风险区聚集在万年寺、清音阁、神水阁景区,景区东部黄湾乡旅游镇属于人文风险高风险区.研究显示,峨眉山风景区综合生态风险主要受到自然灾害影响,存在带状分异的空间规律.      

LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN NONPOINT SOURCE PHOSPHORUS ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Existing land use data were used to estimate nonpoint source phosphorus loads to Lake Champlain (Vermont/New York/Quebec) in a loading function model that combined P concentration coefficients with regional hydrologic data. The estimates were verified against monitored loading data, then used to assess the relative magnitudes of contributions from major land uses and regions of the Lake Champlain Basin. The Basin is comprised of 62 percent forest, 28 percent agricultural land, 3 percent urban land, and 7 percent water. The best-fit model estimated an annual total P load of 457 mt/year, which did not differ significantly from the 458 metric tons/year measured for an average hydrologic year, and accurately predicted loads from major tributaries. Agriculture contributes 66 percent of the annual nonpoint source P load to Lake Champlain; urban and forest land contribute 18 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Because agricultural land contributes most nonpoint source P to Lake Champlain, load reduction effort must deal with agricultural sources. However, because the urban 3 percent of the basin contributes 18 percent of the estimated load, high load reduction efficiencies might be achieved by addressing urban sources. This assessment clearly demonstrated the relationship between land use and P loads in the Lake Champlain Basin, a prerequisite for policy-makers to endorse a P management strategy requiring changes in land use and management.     

南水北调对湖北丹江口水库区土地资源的影响

湖北省丹江口水库区是南水北调中线工程的水源区。随着调水工程的实施,库区土地资源将受到深远的影响。以丹江口水库及其四周海拔低于２００ｍ的区域为研究范围,选用９０年代初获取的ＬａｎｄｓａｔＴＭ假彩色合成图像为主信息源,运用目视判读和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）方法,对该区的土地资源利用现状进行了比例尺为２５万分之一的遥感制图和计算机面积量算;在此基础上,对工程实施后本区土地资源的淹没损失、土地利用结构的变化进行了宏观分析,进而对区域土地资源的合理利用进行了初步探讨。     

The importance of spatial autocorrelation,extent and resolution in predicting forest bird occurrence

Concerns about declines in forest biodiversity underscore the need for accurate estimates of the distribution and abundance of organisms at large scales and at resolutions that are fine enough to be appropriate for management. This paper addresses three major objectives: (i) to determine whether the resolution of typical air photo-derived forest inventory is sufficient for the accurate prediction of site occupancy by forest birds. We compared prediction success of habitat models using air photo variables to models with variables derived from finer resolution, ground-sampled vegetation plots. (ii) To test whether incorporating spatial autocorrelation into habitat models via autologistic regression increases prediction success. (iii) To determine whether landscape structure is an important factor in predicting bird distribution in forest-dominated landscapes. Models were tested locally (Greater Fundy Ecosystem [GFE]) using cross-validation, and regionally using an independent data set from an area located ca. 250 km to the northwest (Riley Brook [RB]). We found significant positive spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of at least one habitat model for 76% (16/21) of species examined. In these cases, the logistic regression assumption of spatially independent errors was violated. Logistic models that ignored spatial autocorrelation tended to overestimate habitat effects. Though overall prediction success was higher for autologistic models than logistic models in the GFE, the difference was only significantly improved for one species. Further, the inclusion of spatial covariates did little to improve model performance in the geographically discrete study area. For 62% (13/21) of species examined, landscape variables were significant predictors of forest bird occurrence even after statistically controlling for stand-level variability. However, broad spatial extents explained less variation than local factors. In the GFE, 76% (16/21) of air photo and 81% (17/21) of ground plot models were accurate enough to be of practical utility (AUC > 0.7). When applied to RB, both model types performed effectively for 55% (11/20) of the species examined. We did not detect an overall difference in prediction success between air photo and ground plot models in either study area. We conclude that air photo data are as effective as fine resolution vegetation data for predicting site occupancy for the majority of species in this study. These models will be of use to forest managers who are interested in mapping species distributions under various timber harvest scenarios, and to protected areas planners attempting to optimize reserve function.     

工业污染源地理信息系统研究

建立工业污染源地理信息系统 ,对加强工业污染源管理具有非常重要的现实意义 ,本文通过对系统的构成、功能和技术特点等方面的研究 ,阐述了地理信息系统在环境管理领域的具体应用方法。     

黄石市环境信息管理系统的开发与应用

从开发和应用的角度，详细阐述了在WebGIS技术支撑下，利用Java编程语言的方法开发出的黄石市环境信息管理系统开发的技术路线，体系结构，数据组织和系统模块的构建,该系统能够更好地降低环境空间数据采集成本，提高环境信息的共享程序和范围，实现污染源信息的实时查询和统计分析，提供多种总量控制的解决方案和多种专题图的编辑与管理工具，具有海量图库管理和模糊查询定位能力，此系统的建立，对于解决黄石市环境污染问题具有极大的社会效益和经济效益。